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[null,"National Infection Prevention and Control A to Z pathogen resource"]
[]
[]
[null,"(DRAFT) Version 3.0 August 2024"]

{"sheet":"Introduction","index":1,"n_rows":0,"n_cols":0,"rows_kept":0,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[]}

{"sheet":"Instructions for use","index":2,"n_rows":0,"n_cols":0,"rows_kept":0,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[]}

{"sheet":"Surveillance","index":3,"n_rows":0,"n_cols":0,"rows_kept":0,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[]}

{"sheet":"Table of contents","index":4,"n_rows":64,"n_cols":12,"rows_kept":64,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[]}
[null,"Contents "]
[]
[null,"A",null,"B",null,"C",null,"D",null,"E",null,"F"]
[null,"Acinetobacter baumannii",null,"Bacillus anthracis (anthrax)",null,"Campylobacter",null,"Diphtheria",null,"Ebola see Viral Haemorrhagic Fever",null,"No Pathogens"]
[null,"Adenovirus ",null,"Bacillus cereus",null,"Candida auris",null,"Back to top ",null,"Enterovirus D68",null,"Back to top "]
[null,"Anthrax",null,"Body Lice ",null,"Carbapenemase producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE)",null,null,null,"Escherichia coli O157 (STEC)"]
[null,"Aspergillus spp",null,"Bordetella pertussis (Whooping cough)",null,"Chickenpox",null,null,null,"Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)"]
[null,"Back to top ",null,"Borrelia burgdorferi",null,"Chlamydia pneumoniae",null,null,null,"Back to top "]
[null,null,null,"Burkholderia cepacia complex",null,"Clostridioides difficile"]
[null,null,null,"Back to top ",null,"Clostridium tetani"]
[null,null,null,null,null,"Coronavirus"]
[null,null,null,null,null,"Corynebacterium diphtheriae"]
[null,null,null,null,null,"Corynebacterium ulcerans"]
[null,null,null,null,null,"COVID-19"]
[null,null,null,null,null,"Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)"]
[null,null,null,null,null,"Cryptococcus spp."]
[null,null,null,null,null,"Cryptosporidium"]
[null,null,null,null,null,"Back to top "]
[]
[null,"G",null,"H",null,"I",null,"J",null,"K",null,"L"]
[null,"German measles see Rubella",null,"Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)",null,"Influenza - Pandemic influenza (flu)",null,"No Pathogens",null,"Klebsiella ",null,"Legionella spp"]
[null,"Giardia lamblia",null,"Hantavirus",null,"Influenza - Endemic Influenza (Flu)",null,"Back to top ",null,"Back to top ",null,"Lice"]
[null,"Group A Streptococcus",null,"Head Lice",null,"Back to top ",null,null,null,null,null,"Back to top "]
[null,"Back to top ",null,"Hepatitis A Virus (HAV)"]
[null,null,null,"Hepatitis B virus (HBV)"]
[null,null,null,"Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)"]
[null,null,null,"Hepatitis D Virus (HDV)"]
[null,null,null,"Hepatitis E Virus (HEV)"]
[null,null,null,"Hepatitis of Unknown Aetiology"]
[null,null,null,"Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)"]
[null,null,null,"Human metapneumovirus"]
[null,null,null,"Back to top "]
[]
[null,"M",null,"N",null,"O",null,"P",null,"Q",null,"R"]
[null,"Measles virus (Rubeola)",null,"Neisseria meningitidis",null,"No Pathogens",null,"Panton Valentine Leukocidin (PVL) -positive Staphylococcus aureus",null,"No Pathogens",null,"Rabies virus"]
[null,"Meningitis (bacterial)",null,"Nipah virus",null,"Back to top ",null,"Parainfluenza",null,"Back to top ",null,"Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)"]
[null,"Meticillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)",null,"Nits see Lice",null,null,null,"Parvovirus B19 - (Erythema infectiosum - Erythrovirus B19)",null,null,null,"Rhinovirus"]
[null,"Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV)",null,"Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM)",null,null,null,"Pneumocystis jirovecii",null,null,null,"Rotavirus"]
[null,"Mpox (Monkeypox)",null,"Norovirus (winter vomiting disease, Norwalk-like viruses)",null,null,null,"Pontiac fever",null,null,null,"Rubella"]
[null,"Mumps virus",null,"Back to top ",null,null,null,"Pseudomonas aeruginosa",null,null,null,"Back to top "]
[null,"Mycobacterium chimaera",null,null,null,null,null,"Pubic lice"]
[null,"Mycobacterium tuberculosis",null,null,null,null,null,"Back to top "]
[null,"Mycoplasma pneumoniae"]
[null,"Back to top "]
[]
[null,"S",null,"T",null,"U",null,"V",null,"W",null,"X"]
[null,"Salmonella (non-typhoidal)",null,"Tetanus",null,"No Pathogens",null,"Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE)",null,"Whooping cough",null,"No Pathogens"]
[null,"Salmonella (Typhoidal)",null,"Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs)",null,"Back to top ",null,"Varicella zoster virus",null,"Back to top ",null,"Back to top "]
[null,"Scabies",null,"Tuberculosis (TB)",null,null,null,"Vero cytoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC)"]
[null,"Scarlet Fever",null,"Back to top ",null,null,null,"Viral Haemorrhagic Fever (VHF)"]
[null,"Serratia marcescens",null,null,null,null,null,"Back to top "]
[null,"Shigella"]
[null,"Shingles"]
[null,"Slapped cheek syndrome (Fifth disease)"]
[null,"Staphylococcus aureus"]
[null,"Stenotrophomonas maltophilia"]
[null,"Streptococcus pneumoniae"]
[null,"Streptococcus pyogenes"]
[null,"Back to top "]
[]
[null,"Y",null,"Z"]
[null,"Yersinia enterocolitica",null,"No Pathogens"]
[null,"Yersinia pestis (Pneumonic plague)",null,"Back to top "]
[null,"Back to top "]

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["Pathogen","Disease ","Notifiable under Health Protection (Notification) Regulations 2010 by registered medical practitioners in England and Wales","Included in the Code of Practice","Local Alert Organism","Epidemiology and symptoms","Main route(s) of transmission ","Incubation period ","Period of infectivity ","Exclusion period from health, care, workplace, education settings (communicable disease) ","Guidance and supporting materials ",null,"Back to contents page ","Reviewed by (Initials)","Review date"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"UK","International"]
["Acinetobacter baumannii","Pneumonia,\nbacteraemia, skin\nand soft tissue\ninfections.","No","Yes","Yes","Acinetobacter baumannii is a gram-negative bacterium found in the environment (including, drinking water, soil and sewage) but it can also be found on the skin of some healthy individuals. A.baumannii infections in the community are very rare and infections almost exclusively occur in the hospital setting. It is an opportunistic pathogen affecting those with underlying health problems and infection is often associated with invasive or indwelling medical devices. A.baumannii can cause pneumonia, bloodstream infections, meningitis, urinary tract infections and surgical site infections including necrotising fasciitis. At risk groups include patients who are immunocompromised, have chronic lung disease, diabetes, or burn injuries. Infections can be very difficult to treat as A.baumannii is intrinsically resistant to many antimicrobial agents and can acquire resistance easily. This includes increasing resistance to the carbapenem class of antibiotics which are often the last line of treatment.","Contact","Symptoms usually appear 4-40 days after exposure.","Unknown - based on clinical judgement","Only usually\nrequired in specific\ncircumstances e.g. for\nresistant strains, risk populations","Acinetobacter species: The diagnosis and surveillance of Acinetobacter spp. bacteraemia","Rapid risk assessment: Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in healthcare settings","Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Nil","About Acinetobacter | Acinetobacter | CDC"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Guidelines for the prevention and control of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in health care facilities"]
["Adenovirus ","Conjunctivitis","No ","No",null,"Adenoviruses are members of the family of viruses adenoviridae. Currently, more than 50 different adenoviruses have been identified, infection in humans are typically caused by Adenoviruses types B, C, E and F. Adenoviruses infections occur year-round. Infections commonly affect the respiratory system; but may also cause various other illnesses and presentations, including cold-like symptoms, sore throat, bronchitis, pneumonia, diarrhoea, and conjunctivitis. Adenovirus infection can occur in any age group, but infants and immunocompromised individuals are more likely than others to develop severe illness from adenoviruses.","Contact","Respiratory infection: ranging between 2 to 14 days; symptoms typically last 3 to 5 days. Adenoviral conjunctivitis:  ranging between 4 to 12 days; symptoms last 4 to 6 weeks.","The virus is shed during the initial 2 weeks of symptoms with infectious particles able to survive on fomites for up to 2 months.","Reported as 24 hours from last episode of diarrhoea","Clinical management guidelines: Conjunctivitis (viral, non-herpetic)","Nil","Back "]
[null,"Upper +/- lower respiratory tract infection","No","No",null,null,"Contact / Droplet",null,null,null,"Nil","Nil"]
[null,"Gastrointestinal infection ","No","No",null,null,"Contact (faecal / oral)",null,null,null,"Nil","Clinical Overview of Adenovirus | Adenovirus | CDC"]
["Anthrax See Bacillus anthracis",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back "]
["Aspergillus spp","Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis","No","Yes",null,"Aspergillus spp. is a common fungi that can be found in the environment. Aspergillus fungi can often be found around plants and trees (including rotting leaves and compost) but also in air conditioning and heating systems, insulation material or dust. It causes a disease called aspergillosis. Aspergillosis is not infectious and cannot be transmitted from person to person but occurs if an individual inhales tiny particles of the aspergillus fungi that hang in the air when the environment becomes disturbed. Spore levels may be increased during hospital building or renovation activities, with severely immunocompromised patients more at risk of developing aspergillosis. Symptoms of aspergillosis vary, depending on the type and the part of the body affected. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is the most serious type and usually only affects those who are immunocompromised. Symptoms often include cough, chest pain or breathlessness.","Airborne","Varies widely, ranging from days to months.","N/A","No exclusion from work, school, or child care settings","Construction micro-organisms: Aspergillus during demolition and refurbishment.","National guidelines for prevention of nosocomial aspergillosis ","Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Clinical Overview of Aspergillosis | Aspergillosis | CDC"]
["Bacillus anthracis (anthrax)","Respiratory, gastrointestinal or cutaneous Anthrax","Yes (Notifiable ID), Yes (Causative Agent)",null,null,"Anthrax is usually a disease of herbivorous mammals and is caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis. Anthrax is contracted through environmental exposure and cannot be transmitted from person to person. In humans, anthrax can be contracted through direct or indirect contact with infected animals, including handling meat, hides, hair and wool. There are also concerns about the use of anthrax as a bioterrorism agent. The symptoms of anthrax depend on route of infection and take four main forms: inhalation, gastrointestinal, cutaneous and injection. Inhalation (pulmonary) anthrax can occur when a person inhales spores that are in the air (aerosolized) during the industrial processing of contaminated materials, such as wool, hides, or hair. Following inhalation of spores, time to onset of symptoms is dependent on the number of spores inhaled. Symptoms may include mild pyrexia and malaise lasting a few days; followed by a flu-like illness, leading quickly to shock, collapse and death. Gastrointestinal anthrax can occur through ingestion of spores and leads to severe gastrointestinal disease with nausea, vomiting, anorexia and fever leading to shock, collapse and death. Cutaneous anthrax (>90% cases) can occur when workers who handle contaminated animal products get spores in a cut or scrape on their skin. Entry through a skin lesion leads to the development initially of a pimple which, within two to three days, develops to form a dry, black firmly adherent scab from two to several cm in diameter across. The lesion rarely causes much pain, but there is nearly always considerable oedema which may spread a long way from the site of the lesion and may take up to six weeks to resolve. Subcutaneous anthrax is a novel form of infection seen in heroin users and most likely contracted from using heroin contaminated with anthrax spores. Symptoms are fever and chills, small blisters/ bumps at the injection site which change to a painless skin sore with a black centre, swelling around the sore often accompanied with abscesses at the injection site. All types of anthrax have the potential, if untreated, to spread throughout the body and cause severe illness and death.","Contact / Airborne","Cutaneous: ranging between 1 to 7 days (usually 48 hours). Gastrointestinal: ranging between 1 to 7 days. Inhalation (Pulmonary): ranging between 1 to 7 days (rarely up to 2 months)","N/A","No exclusion from work, school, or child care settings","Anthrax: guidance, data and analysis","Anthrax","Back "]
[null,null,null,"No",null,null,null,null,null,null,"Anthrax: the green book, chapter 13"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Anthrax - Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Construction micro-organisms: Anthrax from contaminated land and buildings","Clinical Care of Anthrax | Anthrax | CDC"]
["Bacillus cereus","Gastroenteritis, sepsis, pneumonia, endocarditis, central nervous system (CNS) and ocular infections","Yes (Causative agent) (if related to food poisoning)","No",null,"Bacillus cereus is a frequently recognised cause of toxin-induced acute gastroenteritis, symptoms often include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea.  However this genus may also cause sepsis, pneumonia, endocarditis, central nervous system (CNS) and ocular infections. Bacillus cereus is known to cause bacteraemia in immunocompromised individuals. It is transmitted by contaminated cooked foods, especially rice, pastas and vegetables, as well as raw milk and meat products. Airborne dissemination of the organisms from environmental sources is considered to further facilitate contamination, environmental sources include: soil, sediments, vegetation. Dust and contaminated laundry have been implicated in the healthcare environment. The risk of person-to-person transmission is typically considered to be low.","Contact / Foodborne","Ranging between 1 and 24 hours","While symptomatic and 48 hours after cessation of symptoms.","Whilst symptomatic and 48 hours after cessation of symptoms","Guidance for the management of cases of Bacillus cereus","Nil","Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Gastrointestinal infections: recommendations for public health management"]
["Body Lice ","Body lice infestation/ Pediculosis corporis/ Pediculosis vestimenti/ Vagabond’s disease","No","No",null,"Body lice (Pediculus humanus humanus or sometimes called Pediculus humanus corporis) are a type of tiny parasite. Infestations of body lice are known as Pediculosis corporis, Pediculosis vestimenti or Vagabond’s disease. The lice lay eggs in the seams of clothing, usually only moving onto skin to feed on blood via biting. Infestations with body lice can cause severe itching on the parts of the body affected and sometimes a rash caused by an allergic reaction to the bites can occur. Body lice are less common than head and pubic lice infestations, usually only occurring in vulnerable groups such as people who are homeless. Prolonged direct contact with infested individuals or their clothing/bed linens is required for transmission. Outbreaks can occur in situations that prevent the regular laundering of clothing or maintenance of good hygiene. However, unlike head and pubic lice, infestations with body lice can lead to more serious conditions as the lice can be a vector for diseases such as typhus, trench fever, louse-borne relapsing fever. Management of body lice involves regular bathing and laundering of clothes and bedding material at high temperatures to prevent re-infestation. Treatment with a pediculicide is only required if good hygiene practices cannot be introduced.","Contact","Lice hatch from eggs (‘nits’) between 1 and 2 weeks after being laid","While live lice are present in clothing, bedding, or other linens.","While undergoing treatment, individuals should not have prolonged physical contact with others or share bedding or other linens.","Pubic and body lice","Lice (Phthiraptera) - Factsheet for health professionals","Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"About Body Lice | Lice | CDC"]
["Bordetella pertussis (Whooping cough)","Whooping Cough","Yes (Notifiable ID), Yes (Causative Agent)","Yes (respiratory infection)",null,"Pertussis is caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. The initial symptoms (catarrhal stage) include: runny nose, fever, cough and apnoea (in babies). Later symptoms (paroxysmal stage) include: paroxysms of many rapid coughs in children this is followed by a high-pitched \"whoop\", often accompanied with vomiting and exhaustion after coughing fits. Adults do not exhibit the ‘whoop’ but present with a persistent cough which can last several weeks and may act as a reservoir for B. pertussis during this period. Unvaccinated children under 2 years of age are most at risk of complications.","Droplet","Ranging between 4 and 21 days.","Pertussis is highly communicable. Individuals with pertussis are most infectious during the catarrhal period and the first 2 weeks after cough onset (i.e., approximately 21 days). Antibiotic therapy will shorten the period of infectivity."," 2 days from starting antibiotic treatment, or 21 days from onset of symptoms if no antibiotic treatment given","Pertussis: guidelines for public health management","https://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/hcp/clinical-overview/?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/clinical/index.html","Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Pertussis: the green book, chapter 24"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Pertussis (whooping cough): information for healthcare professionals"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Pertussis: guidance, data and analysis","Pertussis"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Whooping cough CKS"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Pertussis: occupational vaccination of healthcare workers"]
["Borrelia burgdorferi","Lyme borreliosis, Lyme disease, or Borreliosis","Yes (Causative agent)","No",null,"Lyme borreliosis or Lyme disease is a zoonotic infection caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi and is transmitted to humans through the bite of an infected tick. Ticks are small spider-like creatures that are found on bushes and undergrowth in countryside, parks and gardens.  They feed on the blood of birds and mammals, including humans.  If a tick bites an animal carrying Borrelia burgdorferi, the tick can also become infected and then transfer the bacteria to a human by biting them. Most tick bites do not transmit Lyme disease and prompt, correct removal of the tick reduces the risk of transmission. It is estimated that the risk of symptomatic infection after being bitten is 1 to 5% in Europe. There is no evidence of transmission between humans. Many individuals with early-stage Lyme disease develop a distinctive circular rash (known as erythema migrans) at the site of the tick bite, usually around 3 to 30 days after being bitten.  Some Individuals also experience flu-like symptoms such as fatigue, muscle pain, joint pain, headaches, fever, chills and neck stiffness. Late-stage Lyme disease can develop months or even years later if left untreated or if treatment is delayed. Presentations may include inflammatory arthritis, nerve problems (numbness, limb pain, facial palsy and memory problems), cardiac problems, encephalitis and meningitis.  A small number of Individuals develop long-term health problems similar to fibromyalgia or chronic fatigue syndrome. Lyme disease is treated with antibiotics however there is no clear consensus on the best treatment for the long-term health problems that some individuals develop. There is currently no vaccine available for prevention.","Zoonotic","Ranging between 3 and 30 days.","Not transmissible from person to person.","No exclusion from work, school, or child care settings","NICE guidelines [NG95] Lyme disease","How Lyme Disease Spreads | Lyme Disease | CDC","Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Lyme disease: Resources and guidance","Borreliosis (Lyme disease)"]
["Burkholderia ","Burkholderia cepacia complex,  Burkholderia cepacia, ","No","No",null,"Burkholderia cepacia complex is a group of gram-negative bacteria commonly found in soil and water and are opportunistic pathogens in hospital environments. B. cepacia poses little risk to healthy people however people with weakened immune systems or chronic lung diseases such as cystic fibrosis are susceptible to infection. Infection typically involves the respiratory tract, with symptoms including fever, cough, shortness of breath and wheezing. B. cepacia are often resistant to common antibiotics and treatment typically requires a combination of antibiotics. B. cepacia can be transmitted to susceptible people by direct/indirect contact with contaminated surfaces and environmental exposure.","Contact","Precise incubation period is unclear. ","While colonised or infected.","Only usually\nrequired in specific\ncircumstances e.g. patients with B. cepacia complex from other cystic fibrosis patient in inpatient, ambulatory care, and social settings is recommended.","Good infection prevention practice: using ultrasound gel","https://www.cdc.gov/b-cepacia/about/?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/hai/organisms/bcepacia.html","Back "]
[null,"Burkholderia pseudomallei,","Yes (Causative agent)",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"The Burkholderia cepacia complex. Suggestions for Prevention and Infection Control."]
["Campylobacter","Campylobacter Gastroenteritis","Yes (Causative agent)","No",null,"Campylobacter are a genus of bacteria that commonly cause food poisoning associated with raw or undercooked meat in particular poultry; the two most common species implicated in human disease are C. jejuni and C. coli. Symptoms can include diarrhoea (sometimes bloody), nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain, malaise and fever, with symptoms lasting from 2-10 days. Sequelae can include Guillain-Barré syndrome.","Contact / Foodborne","Ranging between 1 and 5 days but can be up to 11 days.","While symptomatic and 48 hours after cessation of symptoms.","While symptomatic and 48 hours after cessation of symptoms.","Campylobacter: guidance, data and analysis","Nil","Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Gastrointestinal infections: recommendations for public health management"]
["Candida auris","Ear, wound and bloodstream infection","No","No",null,"Candida auris is a recently identified species of yeast (a type of fungus) from the Candida genus. Most Candida species are harmless commensals, however they can be invasive and cause disease, known as candidiasis. C. auris was first identified in 2009 (Japan) and has been associated with prolonged outbreaks in healthcare settings as it is highly transmissible between patients and from contaminated environments. It can cause a wide range of infections, including blood stream infections (candidaemia), pericarditis, urinary tract infections (UTIs) and pneumonia.  It is hard to identify with standard laboratory methods and is multi-drug resistant making diagnosis and treatment difficult. C. auris mainly affects critically unwell patients in high dependency or intensive care settings. Those with severe underlying co-morbidities and immunosuppression, including those with diabetes, chronic kidney disease, malignancies and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) are most at-risk.","Contact","Precise incubation period is unclear. ","While colonised or infected.","Patients with C. auris infections or colonisation should be managed in single rooms.","Candida auris: laboratory investigation, management and infection prevention and control","Candida auris in healthcare settings - Europe","Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Candida auris: infection control in community care settings","Infection Control Guidance: Candida auris | Candida auris (C. auris) | CDC"]
["Carbapenemase producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE)","Colonisation, device associated infections, urinary tract infection, catheter associated bacteraemia","Yes (Causative agent)","Yes",null,"Enterobacteriaceae are part of a large family of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria which include (amongst others) Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp and Proteus spp.. Many types of Enterobacteriaceae are a part of the normal range of bacteria found in the gut, though they can cause infections such as bacteraemia, urinary tract infections and intra-abdominal infections. Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) are a type of Enterobacteriaceae that are extremely resistant to antibiotics. These bacteria carry a gene for a carbapenemase enzyme that breaks down carbapenem antibiotics (typically the last line of antibiotic treatment). CPE are predominantly healthcare associated, with immunocompromised patients and those with prolonged hospital stays most at risk of developing an infection. Infections caused by CPE are difficult to treat and are associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Risk factors for colonisation include receiving healthcare out with the UK and close contact with someone infected or colonised with CPE.","Contact","Precise incubation period is unclear. ","Duration of CPE carriage is variable","No exclusion from work, school, or child care settings","Actions to contain carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE)","Risk assessment on the spread of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) through patient transfer between healthcare facilities, with special emphasis on cross-border transfer","Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae - second update"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) Infection Control | CRE | CDC"]
["Chickenpox See Varicella virus",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back "]
["Chlamydia pneumoniae","Pneumonia","No","No",null,"Chlamydia pneumoniae (also known as Chlamydophila pneumoniae) is a gram-negative bacterium that is common cause of community acquired pneumonia (CAP). C. pneumonia often only causes mild upper respiratory tract infections (e.g. sore throat), but may also cause lower respiratory tract infections such as pneumonia. Symptoms of C. pneumonia infection include rhinitis, fatigue, fever, laryngitis, sore throat, prolonged cough and headache. Symptoms can also continue for several weeks after they start. Preceding laryngitis is a common feature of pneumonia caused by C. pneumonia. Vulnerable groups include those who live/work in crowded settings (e.g. schools, military barracks, nursing homes, hospitals and prisons). Elderly people are at increased risk for developing pneumonia and other complications including exacerbation of asthma, encephalitis and myocarditis.","Droplet","Ranging between 3 and 4 weeks. ","During incubation period and while symptomatic. Some individuals may also carry the bacteria in the nasopharynx for several months after illness.","No exclusion from work, school, or child care settings","Nil","About Chlamydia pneumoniae Infection | C. pneumoniae infection | CDC","Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Chlamydophila pneumoniae infection"]
["Clostridioides difficile","Clostridioides difficile infection","No","Yes",null,"Although not notifiable, reporting of Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) infection is mandatory as part of the National Surveillance Scheme (UKHSA). Disease is mediated by the production of toxins, and symptoms include watery diarrhoea, fever, nausea, and abdominal pain, which may lead to serious complications including pseudomembranous colitis, toxic megacolon, and death. Treatment with antibiotics or invasive surgical procedures, which disturb the normal intestinal flora, may lead to overgrowth of C. difficile, resulting in either asymptomatic colonisation or infection. Those at most risk of developing CDI include elderly people and immunocompromised patients. A small proportion of healthy adults may carry C. difficile as part of the normal gut flora. C. difficile is transmitted via spores that are picked up from the environment either by direct contact with an infected (or colonised) person or by indirect contact with a contaminated surface.","Contact","Precise incubation period is unclear. ","While symptomatic and typically until 48 hours after cessation of symptoms. Note some individuals will continue to shed spores once no longer symptomatic.","While symptomatic and 48 hours after cessation of symptoms.","Gastrointestinal infections: recommendations for public health management","Nil","Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Clostridioides difficile infection: how to deal with the problem"]
["Clostridium tetani"," Tetanus","Yes (Notifiable ID), Yes (Causative agent)","No",null,"Tetanus is a rare disease resulting from a neurotoxin that is produced during infection with Clostridium tetani. C. tetani is a common environmental bacterium that forms spores that are highly resistant to extreme hot and cold temperatures. The bacterium is present in soil and manure and usually enters the body through a wound, burn, puncture or scratch. Tetanus is not spread from person to person.  Injecting drug users are at increased risk of infection. There are three forms of tetanus (generalised, localised, and cephalic) however generalised tetanus is the most common presentation. Generalised tetanus is characterised by lockjaw, tonic muscle contractions and spasms. Tonic contractions and spasms may lead to dysphagia (trouble swallowing), opisthotonus (spasm of the muscles causing backwards arching of the head, neck and spine), and a rigid abdomen; in severe cases they may cause respiratory distress. Localised tetanus is rigidity and spasms confined to the area around the site of the infection and may be more common in partially immunised individuals.  Localised symptoms can continue for weeks or may develop into generalised tetanus. Cephalic tetanus is localised tetanus after a head or neck injury, involving the muscles supplied by the cranial nerves. Treatment includes best supportive care, wound debridement, and may involve administration of antimicrobials and anti-tetanus antibodies. Immunisation against tetanus is the most effective method of prevention and is included as part of the UK childhood immunisation schedule, with routine primary vaccination recommended at two, three, and four months of age, followed by a booster dose from age three years and four months, with a further booster at 13 to 18 years of age. Prophylactic immunisation is recommended following injuries involving tetanus-prone wounds if routine immunisation was not received or was received more than 10 years ago.","Contact","Ranging between 3 and 21 days (but can range from 1 day to several months).","NA","No exclusion from work, school, or child care settings","Tetanus: the green book, chapter 30","Disease factsheet about tetanus","Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Tetanus: advice for health professionals"]
["Coronavirus","Coronavirus infection (non-MERS, non-SARS, non-COVID-19)","No","Yes",null,"Coronaviruses primarily infect the upper respiratory and gastrointestinal tract and are believed to cause a significant proportion of common colds in human adults. Occasionally, coronaviruses are able to cause more significant lower respiratory tract infections in humans with pneumonia; this is more likely in immunocompromised individuals, people with cardiopulmonary illnesses, as well as elderly people and young children.","Droplet / Airborne","Ranging between 5 and 14 days ","Limited data are available on the duration of respiratory and extrapulmonary shedding of coronavirus, although it has been reported up to 32 days after onset of symptoms.","No exclusion from work, school, or child care settings","Nil","Nil","Back "]
[null,"Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)","Yes (Notifiable ID)","Yes (high consequence infectious diseases (HCIDs))",null,"This coronavirus emerged in Asia in 2003 and is classed as a high consequence infectious disease (HCID). No confirmed or suspected human cases have been reported since 2004. It causes severe viral respiratory disease. Symptoms include fever and cough that may be accompanied by, or progress to, hypoxemia sometimes requiring mechanical ventilation. Predominately affects adults aged 25 to 70 years, although cases in individuals <15 years have been reported.","Droplet / Airborne","Ranging between 5 and 14 days ",null,"10 days after the resolution of fever, provided respiratory symptoms were absent or improving","Nil","Nil"]
[null,"COVID-19 (SARS Cov-2)","Yes (Notifiable ID), Yes (Causative agent)","Yes",null,"This coronavirus emerged in 2019. In February 2020 it was formally named as SARS-CoV-2 and the associated disease COVID-19. Scientific consensus is that SARS-CoV-2 is zoonotic in origin, however the source of the original outbreak is yet to be determined. As of 19 March 2020, COVID-19 was no longer considered to be a high consequence infectious disease (HCID) in the UK. The main symptoms of COVID-19 include fever, a new and continuous cough, anosmia (loss of smell) and ageusia (loss of taste). Examples of other symptoms include shortness of breath, fatigue, loss of appetite, myalgia (muscle ache), sore throat, headache, nasal congestion (stuffy nose), runny nose, diarrhoea, nausea and vomiting. Atypical symptoms, such as delirium and reduced mobility, can present in older and immunocompromised people, often in the absence of a fever.","Droplet / Airborne","Ranging between 5 and 14 days ",null,"TO BE UPDATED","Investigation and management of suspected SARS-CoV-2 reinfections: a guide for clinicians and infection specialists","XBB1.5 rapid risk assessment (January 2023)"]
[]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"National guidance for the management of children in hospital with viral respiratory tract infections (2023) | RCPCH","Threat Assessment Brief: Implications for the EU/EEA of the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron XBB.1.5 sub-lineage (europa.eu)"]
[null,"Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV)","No","Yes (high consequence infectious diseases (HCIDs))",null,"This coronavirus emerged in the Middle East and is classed as a high consequence infectious disease (HCID).  It causes severe viral respiratory disease. Symptoms include fever and cough that commonly progresses to a severe pneumonia, sometimes requiring mechanical ventilation.  Pneumonia is more likely in immunocompromised individuals, people with cardiopulmonary illnesses, as well as the elderly and young children. In some cases, a diarrhoeal illness has been the first symptom to appear. Those at risk of contracting MERS-CoV include travellers to the Arabian Peninsula (or those in close contact with travellers to this region). The camel is a host species for the virus and those in contact with camels or camel products may also be at risk of contracting the disease.","Contact / Droplet","Ranging between 5 and 14 days ","Limited data are available on the duration of respiratory and extrapulmonary shedding of MERS-CoV, although it has been reported up to 32 days after onset of symptoms.","Unknown - based on clinical judgement","MERS-CoV: public health investigation and management of possible cases","Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)"]
[]
["Corynebacterium diphtheriae see Diphtheria ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back "]
["Corynebacterium ulcerans see Diphtheria",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back "]
["COVID-19  see Coronavirus ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back "]
["Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) See Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back "]
["Cryptococcus spp.","Cryptococcosis","No","No",null,"Cryptococcus spp. is a fungus commonly found in the environment in soil, decaying wood, and bird droppings. The most common Cryptococcus species that can cause disease in humans are C. neoformans and C. gattii (formerly C. neoformans var. gattii). Both species are found worldwide. C. gattii was previously confined mainly to tropical and subtropical regions, but has recently emerged in temperate regions including Europe, and can cause disease in healthy individuals, albeit not commonly. C. neoformans rarely infects healthy people; those who are immunocompromised are most at risk from infection. The lungs and the central nervous system are the most common infection sites, resulting in pneumonia and meningitis however any part of the body can be affected including the skin and eyes. Transmission from person to person is very rare.","Airborne","Varies widely, ranging from days to months.","While colonised.","No exclusion from work, school, or child care settings","Nil","Nil","Back "]
["Cryptosporidium","Cryptosporidiosis","Yes (Causative Agent)","Yes (diarrhoea and/or vomiting)",null,"Cryptosporidium are protozoan parasites, with the species C. parvum and C. hominis causing the majority of cryptosporidium infections in humans. They can cause Cryptosporidiosis. The parasite is transmitted via microbial cysts (oocysts) that once ingested are released and result in infection. The most common route of infection is from contaminated material such as ingested unfiltered/untreated water or food, or contact with faeces from an infected person or animal. Infections usually affect the gastrointestinal (GI) system. Symptoms of GI infections include: diarrhoea, fever, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. Respiratory infections are less common, but can cause fever, cough, and shortness of breath. Vulnerable groups include children, childcare workers, occupations with exposure to animals (e.g. farmers, vets) and those likely to be in contact with untreated water (e.g. fresh water swimmers, travellers). People who are immunocompromised are at greater risk of severe disease and infections can be fatal in this group.","Contact (faecal / oral)","Ranging between 7 and 10 days, but has been reported up to 28 days","From onset and duration of symptoms. The parasite can be shed in faeces many weeks after symptoms have resolved.","Until symptom free for 48 hours. Swimming should be avoided until 14 days after last diarrhoeal episode.","Cryptosporidiosis: guidance, data and analysis","Nil","Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Gastrointestinal infections: recommendations for public health management"]
["Diphtheria","Diphtheria - Pharyngeal","Yes (Notifiable ID), Yes (Causative Agent)","No",null,"Diphtheria is an acute bacterial disease resulting from toxigenic C. diphtheriae or C. ulcerans infection of the upper respiratory tract and occasionally the skin. Most complications of diphtheria are attributable to effects of the toxin produced by the bacteria during infection. Depending on the tissues involved there are two main types of clinical diphtheria: pharyngeal and cutaneous. Pharyngeal diphtheria mainly affects the pharynx and the tonsils. Early symptoms include malaise, sore throat, swollen (bull) neck, anorexia, and low-grade pyrexia. Severe complications can include respiratory failure, toxin-induced myocarditis and peripheral neuritis, and may lead to death. Cutaneous diphtheria usually affects the skin on legs, hands and feet although rare reports of stoma-associated infection have been recorded. Pus-filled spots develop and eventually form into large ulcers surrounded by a red patch of discoloured skin. Ulcers usually heal within two to three months. Diphtheria is a vaccine preventable disease and is part of the routine childhood immunisation schedule. However, the epidemiology of C. ulcerans is changing. A predominance of cases in individuals over 65 years and an association with domestic pet exposure have been observed in the UK, raising questions about waning routine vaccination immunity and animal-related risk. Cases of toxigenic C. ulcerans are now also regularly reported in animals without an associated human case. A joint public health and animal health investigation is required to investigate these cases further to ensure that transmission to close human contacts does not occur.","Contact / Droplet","Typically 2 to 5 days but can range between 1 and 10 days.","Ranging between 2 and 4 weeks after onset of symptoms, chronic carriers may shed bacteria for up to six months.","Exclusion is essential. Family contacts must be excluded until cleared to return to daily interaction with the general public, work colleagues, and/or fellow pupils by your local HPT.","Diphtheria: the green book, chapter 15","Increase of reported diphtheria cases among migrants in Europe due to Corynebacterium diphtheriae, 2022","Back "]
[null,"Diphtheria - Cutaneous","Yes (Notifiable ID), Yes (Causative Agent)","No",null,null,"Contact",null,null,null,"Diphtheria: public health control and management in England"]
["Ebola See Viral Haemorrhagic Fever",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back"]
["Enterovirus D68","Acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) ","No","Yes (respiratory infection)",null,"EV-D68 is one of more than 100 enteroviruses and belongs to the Picornaviridae family of viruses.EV-D68 can cause mild to severe respiratory illness. Symptoms may include rhinorrhoea, cough and myalgia, and in severe cases wheezing and difficulty breathing, resulting in hospitalisation. In addition, EV-D68 has been associated with neurological symptoms such as aseptic meningitis, acute flaccid myelitis (AFM), and potentially Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults. EV-D68 is spread via infectious respiratory secretions, such as saliva, nasal mucus and sputum. Vulnerable groups include children, adolescents and immunocompromised adults. Currently there is no vaccine available against EV-D68.","Droplet"," Ranging between 3 and 5 days.","While symptomatic, which has been reported up to 21 days.","While symptomatic and 48 hours after cessation of symptoms including fever.","Guidance on the diagnosis, management and epidemiology of enterovirus infections ","Nil","Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"National guidance for the management of children in hospital with viral respiratory tract infections (2023) | RCPCH"]
[null,"Severe respiratory illness","No","Yes (respiratory infection)",null,null,"Droplet",null,null,null,"Enterovirus – D 68 Risk Assessment"]
["Escherichia coli O157 (STEC)","Escherichia coli Gastroenteritis","Yes (Notifiable ID), Yes (Causative agent)","Yes",null,"Escherichia coli O157, also known as Shigatoxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC, previously known as verotoxigenic or VTEC), is a serogroup of the family of bacteria Escherichia coli. STEC infection is a relatively rare cause of gastrointestinal illness. E. coli O157 is found in the gut and faeces of many animals, particularly cattle. Symptoms can range from mild gastroenteritis through to severe bloody diarrhoea and, in rare cases, serious conditions, including haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) and thrombotic thrombocytopaenic purpura (TTP), can develop. Transmission from person-to-person is via the contact (faecal oral) route: from any food, water, or environmental source contaminated by the excreta of an animal or human case (including asymptomatic cases).","Contact (faecal / oral)","Typically 3 to 4 days but can range between 1 and 14 days.","Symptoms can last up to 14 days.","While symptomatic and 48 hours after cessation of symptoms and until microbiologically clear.","Escherichia coli O157 (STEC)","Nil ","Back "]
[null,"Haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS)",null,"Yes",null,null,null,null,null,null,"Gastrointestinal infections: guidance for public health management"]
["Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)","Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) bacterium infection or colonisation","No","Yes",null,"Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) are enzymes produced by bacteria and confer resistance to a variety of beta-lactam antibiotics, such as penicillins and cephalosporins. Beta-lactam antibiotics are broad-spectrum and are used to treat a variety of infections. The genes coding for ESBL production can be spread between bacterial species and frequently carry genes that also encode resistance to other drug classes, therefore antibiotic options in the treatment of ESBL-producing organisms are limited. Carbapenem antibiotics are the treatment of choice for serious infections due to ESBL-producing organisms. However, carbapenem-resistant (primarily ertapenem resistant) isolates have been reported.","Contact (faecal / oral)","Precise incubation period is unclear.\n","While colonised or infected.","No exclusion from work, school, or child care settings","Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs): guidance, data, analysis","Nil","Back "]
["German measles see Rubella",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back"]
["Giardia Lamblia ","Giardiasis, Giardia","Yes (Causative agent)","No",null,"Giardia lamblia is a flagellated parasite that colonises in the small intestine causing giardiasis (also known as giardia). Infection in humans usually occurs by ingestion of Giardia lamblia cysts (which can survive for months in cold water) from drinking contaminated water, such as from streams and ponds, as well as artificial lakes created by beaver dams hence its popular name “beaver fever”. It can also contaminate urban water supplies despite treatment, as the parasite cysts are resistant to conventional water treatment processes. Zoonotic transmission is also possible from contact with infected animals or ingestion of infected uncooked foods including meat products. Symptoms of giardia infection include diarrhoea, abdominal pain, weight loss and vomiting, however infection can be asymptomatic. Vulnerable groups include children in childcare settings, backpackers/campers who drink untreated waters, swimmers in outdoor recreational waters and those in close contact with someone with giardiasis. ","Contact (faecal / oral)","Ranging between 7 and 21 days.","As long as cysts persist in faeces which can be months whether symptomatic or not.","While symptomatic and 48 hours after cessation of symptoms and until microbiologically clear. Swimming should be avoided  until 14 days after last diarrhoeal episode.","Giardia: guidance and data","Nil","Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Gastrointestinal infections: guidance for public health management"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Giardiasis"]
["Group A Streptococcus (including iGAS)","Respiratory","No","Yes",null,"Group A Streptococcus (GAS; Streptococcus pyogenes) is a bacterium which can colonise the throat, skin and anogenital tract. It causes a diverse range of skin, soft tissue and respiratory tract infections, including: tonsillitis, pharyngitis (strep throat), scarlet fever, pneumonia. The prevalence of pharyngeal carriage has been estimated to range between 5 and 30% of the UK general population. In rare cases, patients may go on to develop post-streptococcal complications, such as rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis, necrotising fasciitis, shock and impetigo. In children aged 3 and younger respiratory disease caused by GAS rarely manifests as acute pharyngitis, but rather as mucopurulent rhinitis followed by fever, irritability, and anorexia (called “streptococcal fever” or “streptococcosis”). In contrast to typical acute group A strep pharyngitis, this presentation in young children is subacute and high fever is rare. Invasive GAS (iGAS) is an infection where the bacteria are isolated from a normally sterile body site, such as the blood. Any GAS manifestation can be associated with development of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS), although patients with necrotising fasciitis are at highest risk. Vulnerable groups at risk from contracting iGAS infections include perinatal women, neonates, the elderly, individuals with diabetes, and those who are immunocompromised.","Droplet","Ranging between 2 and 5 days","While febrile and until 24 hours after therapeutic dose of antibiotic therapy commenced.","Impetigo: Until lesions are crusted or healed or 48 hours after commencing appropriate antibiotics. Scarlet fever: 24 hours after commencing appropriate antibiotics.","Nil","Nil","Back "]
[null,"Bacteraemia, Meningitis","Yes (Notifiable ID)","Yes","Yes",null,"Contact",null,null,null,"Guidelines for prevention and control of Group A streptococcal infection in acute healthcare and maternity settings in the UK.","Nil"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Invasive group A streptococcal disease: managing close contacts in community settings"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Group A streptococcal infections: guidance and data"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Group A streptococcal Disease - information for people in prison"]
[null,"Scarlet Fever","Yes (Notifiable ID)","Yes","Yes",null,"Droplet",null,null,null,"Scarlet fever symptoms diagnosis and treatment","Nil"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Guidelines for the public health management of scarlet fever outbreaks in schools, nurseries and other childcare settings"]
["Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) (including invasive disease)","Epiglottitis ","Yes (Causative agent)",null,null,"Haemophilus influenzae is a gram-negative anaerobic bacterium. Serotype b (Hib) is the most common and pathogenic. Hib may cause invasive disease, the most common being meningitis and bacteraemia, and it may also cause epiglottitis and pneumonia. Less common presentations include septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, cellulitis and pericarditis. There is a vaccine available against Hib which is part of the childhood immunisation schedule in the UK. In countries that include  a routine vaccine, rates of severe Hib infections have decreased by more than 90%. Despite its name, this disease is not the same as influenza (the flu). Neonates can acquire infection by aspiration of amniotic fluid or contact with genital tract secretions containing the bacteria. H. influenzae bacteraemia can occur with or without pneumonia and symptoms include fever, fatigue, nausea, abdominal pain, difficulty breathing and confusion. H. influenzae meningitis may be accompanied by H. influenzae bacteraemia and symptoms include fever, headache, stiff neck, vomiting, photophobia and confusion. It is a serious condition that can be fatal (in approximately 5% of cases) and may cause long term sequelae including deafness, seizures and intellectual impairment. H. influenzae epiglottitis is a life-threatening medical emergency. The infection causes the inflammation of the epiglottis and surrounding tissues leading to obstruction of the airway. Signs and symptoms include high fever, tachypnoea, stridor and excessive drooling. Intubation and tracheotomy may be required to prevent respiratory arrest and death. Vulnerable groups for all types of H. influenzae infections are children under 5 years of age, the elderly and individuals who are immunocompromised, including those with sickle cell disease. Individuals who have had close contact with someone infected with Hib are also at increased risk of contracting the infection, and as such may require antibiotic chemoprophylaxis. ","Droplet","The incubation period is unknown; however, susceptible individuals usually develop disease within 7 days of exposure to Hib.","Carriers are infectious as long as organisms are present in the nasopharynx, which may be for a prolonged period even without nasal discharge.","Until 24 hours after initiation of effective antibiotic therapy.","Nil","Nil","Back "]
[null,"Meningitis",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Haemophilus influenzae: guidance, data and analysis","Factsheet about Invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease (ECDC)"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib): revised recommendations for the prevention of secondary cases"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib): the green book, chapter 16"]
["Hantavirus ","Haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS)","Yes (Causative agent)","Yes (high consequence infectious diseases (HCIDs))",null,"Hantavirus is a zoonotic infection caused by a group of viruses carried mainly by species of rodents such as rats, mice and voles.  Animal vectors become infected early in life and can shed the virus over prolonged periods although they rarely show signs of disease. The virus is spread to humans when virus particles in the urine, faeces or saliva of infected rodents become aerosolised and are inhaled. Hantaviruses do not spread easily between individuals and there is a very low risk of transmission to the general population. Those most at risk include individuals who keep pet rodents and people with occupational exposure to rodents (e.g. farm workers and pest control workers). Infection in humans can range from a mild flu-like illness, to severe disease. Forms of severe disease include haemorrhagic fever and kidney failure (known as haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS)) as seen in Europe and Asia, and severe lung disease (known as hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS)) as seen in North and South America. Human hantavirus infections in the UK are very rare. Symptoms of HFRS include fever, headache, nausea, vomiting and kidney failure. There is no antiviral treatment. ","Contact","Typically between 14  and 28 days but can range between 2 days and 56 days.","Person to person spread is uncommon","Unknown - based on clinical judgement","Hantavirus: The characteristics, diagnosis, epidemiology of hantaviruses","CDC - Hantavirus","Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"https://www.hse.gov.uk/agriculture/assets/docs/hantavirus-disease.pdf","Facts about hantavirus"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"HAIRS risk assessment: hantavirus"]
["Head Lice","Head lice infestation - Pediculosis capitis","No ","No",null,"Head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis, are tiny parasitic insects that live in hair. They can cause infestation of the scalp known as Pediculosis capitis. Head lice hatch from eggs and the sacs left behind are known as ‘nits’ which attach firmly to the hair shaft. Nits are more visible to the naked eye than live lice. Symptoms include itching, a tickling feeling in hair, difficulty sleeping and sores on the head secondary to scratching. They are spread by direct head-to-head contact and are a common problem particularly in children aged 4 to 11. Child care settings (e.g. schools, nurseries) are high risk areas for transmission. Treatment with a pediculicide is recommended only in cases where live lice are seen.","Contact","Lice hatch from eggs (‘nits’) within 1 to 2 weeks after being laid.","While live lice are present.","No exclusion from work, school, or child care settings","Head Lice clinical knowledge summary","Nil","Back "]
["Hepatitis A Virus (HAV)","Hepatitis A Virus Infection","Yes (Notifiable ID), Yes (Causative Agent)","Yes (diarrhoea and/or vomiting)",null,"Hepatitis A is an infection of the liver caused by hepatitis A virus. Hepatitis A is no longer endemic in the UK. Those infected (especially children) may be asymptomatic, however symptoms can range in severity from non specific nausea and vomiting, through to hepatitis (liver inflammation, jaundice, or icterus); and in rare cases to liver failure. Symptoms can last 1 to 2 weeks in the case of mild disease and up to a year in the case of severe disease. Hepatitis A (HAV) is transmitted from person to person, or through contact with contaminated food, water, contaminated surfaces or objects. Certain groups are at increased risk of acquiring Hepatitis A including travellers to parts of the world with poor levels of sanitation, men who have sex with men (MSM), and injecting drug users.","Contact (faecal / oral)","Ranging between 28 and 30 days but can range between 15 and 50 days.","During the latter half of incubation (1 to 2 weeks before onset of symptoms) and up to 7 days after the onset of jaundice.","Exclude from work, school or nursery until 7 days post onset of jaundice or in absence of jaundice, from the onset of compatible symptoms (such as fatigue, nausea, or fever).","Hepatitis A infection: prevention and control guidance - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)","https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-a/about/index.html","Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Gastrointestinal infections: guidance for public health management"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Hepatitis A Virus: Clinical Knowledge Summary","Hepatitis A"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Hepatitis A: the green book, chapter 17"]
["Hepatitis B virus (HBV)","Hepatitis B Virus Infection","Yes (Notifiable ID), Yes (Causative Agent)","Yes",null," Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) is a virus that can cause chronic infection and affects the liver. It is transmitted through exposure to blood or other body fluids from an infected person. The initial acute infection may be asymptomatic, but can cause acute viral hepatitis (inflammation of the liver) with symptoms of nausea, vomiting, fever and jaundice which last for several weeks. Most individuals recover from this illness, but a few go on to develop fulminant hepatic failure. 90% of those infected with HBV at birth go on to develop chronic HBV infection, while less than 5% of those acutely infected as adults do. Chronic HBV infection may also be asymptomatic, but can be associated with chronic hepatitis which may lead to liver cirrhosis. It also increases the risk of the individual developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In countries where HBV is endemic, the most common route of spread of HBV is through vertical transmission from mother to child at birth. However, in low prevalence countries the most likely route of exposure is from parenteral exposure to infected blood or body fluids, such as from sharing injecting drug equipment or occupational exposure to blood products e.g. needlestick injuries. HBV can also be spread via sexual contact with an infected person with the most at-risk populations being men who have sex with men (MSM), heterosexuals with multiple sex partners or sex workers. There is a vaccine available for HBV. The vaccine and hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) can be used as post-exposure prophylaxis.","Contact (blood and / or body fluids)"," Ranging between 30 and 180 days (mean of 75 days).","During active infection or if chronically infected.","No exclusion required for chronic cases. Acute cases of hepatitis B should take clinician's advice on when to return to work","Integrated guidance for management of BBV in HCW: April 2024 update (publishing.service.gov.uk)","https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-b/about/index.html","Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Hepatitis B: the green book, chapter 18"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Managing specific infectious diseases: A to Z - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Hepatitis B: guidance, data and analysis"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Hepatitis B (chronic): diagnosis and management"]
["Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)","Hepatitis C Virus Infection","Yes (Notifiable ID), Yes (Causative Agent)","Yes",null,"Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) is a virus that often causes chronic infection which can lead to liver disease of varying severity. Acute HCV infection is usually asymptomatic though it may cause a range of vague symptoms including decreased appetite, fatigue, nausea, myalgia and weight loss. In rare instances, individuals may develop acute liver failure.  Approximately 80% will go on to develop chronic HCV infection which may lead to cirrhosis of the liver or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) over a long period of time. Most people with chronic HCV infection are asymptomatic. HCV can be transmitted through exposure to infected blood or body fluids. Those most at-risk are those who share drug injecting equipment, receive transfusion of blood or blood products (though uncommon in developed countries due to screening processes) or are occupationally exposed to infected blood/body fluids e.g. needlestick injury from an infected patient. HCV can also be contracted via sexual contact with an infected person and/or vertical transmission (from mother to child), but the risks are far less compared with direct blood exposure. About 10% of people with HCV infection have no recognized risk factor, for some individuals, the source of infection may not be identified. There is no vaccine or post exposure prophylaxis treatment for HCV. However, new advances in antiviral medications can cure up to 95% of those infected.","Contact (blood and / or body fluids)","Ranging between 2 and 26 weeks.","Typically from 1 week before the onset of symptom and during the acute clinical stage of HCV infection. Individuals with chronic infection should be considered potentially infectious, although the risk is minimal if  non-viraemic (PCR-negative).","No exclusion from work, school, or child care settings","Hepatitis C: guidance, data and analysis","Hepatitis C","Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Hepatitis C: patient re-engagement exercise"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/hepatitis-c/","https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-c/about/index.html"]
["Hepatitis D Virus (HDV)","Hepatitis D Virus (HDV)","Yes (Notifiable ID), Yes (Causative Agent)","No",null,"Hepatitis D is an inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis D virus (HDV), which requires HBV for its replication. Hepatitis D infection cannot occur in the absence of hepatitis B virus. HDV-HBV co-infection is considered the most severe form of chronic viral hepatitis due to more rapid progression towards hepatocellular carcinoma and liver-related death. Vaccination against hepatitis B is the only method to prevent HDV infection.","Contact (blood and / or body fluids)","Ranging between 14 and 56 days.","Unknown - based on clinical judgement","No exclusion from work, school, or child care settings","Nil","Hepatitis D","Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Hepatitis D"]
["Hepatitis E Virus (HEV)","Hepatitis E Virus (HEV)","Yes (Notifiable ID), Yes (Causative Agent)","Yes (diarrhoea and/or vomiting)",null,"Hepatitis E is an illness of the liver caused by the hepatitis E virus (HEV), which can infect both animals and humans. HEV infection usually produces a mild disease however pregnant women are at greater risk of severe illness which can, in rare cases, be fatal.  This is more likely to occur with the strains that are found in Africa and Asia and less common in strains commonly found in the UK. Infection will normally clear by itself within one to four weeks.  Chronic infection of the liver (lasting over 6 months) is very rare and usually only reported in patients with a suppressed immune system. Symptoms include yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice), darkening of the urine and pale stools.  Patients may also experience tiredness, fever, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and loss of appetite.","Contact (faecal / oral)","Ranging between 15 and 60 days (mean 40 days).","The specific period of infectivity is unknown but virus excretion in faeces has been observed from 1 week prior to symptom onset and up to 30 days after the onset of jaundice. Chronically infected individuals shed virus as long as they remain infected.","There is no specific exclusion period but during the first 2 weeks of illness the preparation of food for others and/or having close contact with those who are pregnant or have chronic liver disease should be avoided.","Hepatitis E, symptoms, transmission, prevention and treatment","Hepatitis E ","Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"V 53 - Screening and monitoring for hepatitis E infection (rcpath.org)"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Gastrointestinal infections: guidance for public health management"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Protecting patients from getting Hepatitis E through transfusion or transplantation"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Hepatitis E, health protection response to reports of infection"]
["Hepatitis of unknown aetiology","Acute hepatitis","No","No",null,"An increase in acute hepatitis cases of unknown aetiology in previously healthy children aged under 10 years was reported in the UK in January 2022. Subsequent investigation identified a number of cases in other European countries and worldwide. Cases tested negative for hepatitis A to E infection and adenovirus was the most frequently identified potential pathogen. The most frequently reported symptoms were jaundice and vomiting in addition to gastrointestinal symptoms including, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and nausea, lethargy and fever.  In some instances, liver transplantation was required. It has been hypothesised that an unknown co-factor affects young children with an adenovirus infection, which would typically be mild, triggers more severe infection or immune-mediated liver damage. Other aetiologies (including, other infectious or toxic agents) remain under investigation.  Complete pathogenesis of the disease is unclear.","Unknown","Precise incubation period is unclear. ","Evidence around human-to-human transmission remains unclear","Unknown","Acute hepatitis: technical briefing","Increase in severe acute hepatitis cases of unknown aetiology in children","Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Technical Report: Acute Hepatitis of Unknown Cause | CDC Archive"]
["Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)","Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)","No ","No",null,"The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that causes chronic infection, which results in progressive failure of the immune system, specifically the CD4 cells (sometimes called T cells). HIV infection is contracted through exposure to blood or body fluids from an infected person. Newly infected individuals may develop a flu-like illness 2 to 4 weeks post-exposure, called seroconversion illness. Symptoms include fever, lymphadenopathy, rash and headache. Following this, HIV infection becomes latent and asymptomatic and without treatment will develop into AIDS in 3 to 20 years. AIDS is defined as either when an HIV infected individual’s CD4 count falls below 200 cells per µL or when specific HIV-associated infections or diseases develop such as pneumocystis pneumonia (PcP), oesophageal candidiasis or HIV wasting syndrome (cachexia). Survival once AIDS has been diagnosed is approximately 3 years if untreated. The most common route for HIV infection is via sexual contact with an infected partner, particularly among men who have sex with men (MSM), but the virus can also be spread by sharing drug injecting equipment, vertical transmission during childbirth or from breast milk, occupational exposure to infected blood/body fluids e.g. needlestick injury from an infected patient, or from blood and blood products transfusion (though uncommon in developed countries due to screening processes). Due to advances in medical treatment with antiretroviral drugs, individuals with HIV can have a near normal life span and may never develop AIDS.  There is no vaccine for HIV infection however there is post exposure prophylaxis (PEP) available for those who have come into contact with, infected bodily fluids, which significantly reduces the risk of contracting the virus. Pre-exposure prophylaxis for those at risk may also reduce the risk of infection.  ","Contact (blood and / or body fluids)","Seroconversion typically occurs 2 to 4 weeks post exposure.","Once infected, in the absence of treatment, individuals can transmit the infection to others for life. Treatment with antiretrovirals can significantly lower the risk of transmission.","No exclusion from work, school, or child care settings","HIV infection and AIDS","Nil","Back "]
[null,"Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection","No","Yes",null,null,null,null,null,null,"Integrated guidance for management of BBV in HCW: April 2024 update (publishing.service.gov.uk)"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"HIV: surveillance, data and management"]
["Human metapneumovirus","Human metapneumovirus","No ","No",null,"Human metapneumovirus is a virus belonging to the paramyxovirus family along with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Infection can cause upper and lower respiratory disease in people of all ages but especially the young and elderly.  Symptoms include cough, fever, shortness of breath, and in more serious cases bronchitis and pneumonia which can be fatal especially in people with weakened immune systems. Transmission is highest during the winter months. There is currently no vaccine for metapneumovirus.","Droplet","Ranging between 3 and 6 days.","HMPV RNA is found in excretions from 5 days to 2 weeks after initiation of symptoms, however, the extent of contagiousness is unknown.","While symptomatic","Diagnosis and management of respiratory viral infections in patients with haematological malignancy, British Society for Haematology","Appendix A: Type and Duration of Precautions Recommended for Selected Infections and Conditions | Infection Control | CDC","Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"National guidance for the management of children in hospital with viral respiratory tract infections (2023) | RCPCH"]
["Influenza - Endemic / Seasonal Influenza (Flu)","Influenza (Flu)","Yes (Causative Agent)","Yes",null,"Influenza or ‘Flu’ is an acute viral infection affecting the respiratory tract. There are three main types or ‘genera’ of viruses that affect humans: Influenza virus A, Influenza virus B and Influenza virus C. Influenza A, which can infect many animal species, is the most common and virulent and is usually the cause of flu epidemics. In temperate zones, influenza is typically seasonal with most cases occurring during the winter months. Typically, ranging between 8 to 10 weeks in the UK. Symptoms include fever, cough, sore throat, runny/stuffy nose, headache, myalgia and extreme fatigue. Diarrhoea and vomiting can occur in some cases. For most healthy individuals, influenza is a self-limiting illness with resolution within 7 days. Vulnerable groups at higher risk of complications (such as pneumonia) include children, pregnant women, elderly, individuals who are morbidly obese, those with chronic medical conditions (e.g. COPD, diabetes) and those who are immunocompromised. An annual vaccination is available to those within these risk groups as well as healthcare workers.","Droplet","Ranging between 1 and 3 days. ","1 day before symptoms onset until 5 to 7 days after cessation of symptoms.","While symptomatic and until 24 hours after resolution of symptoms.","Seasonal influenza: guidance, data and analysis","About Flu/CDC","Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Seasonal influenza: managing cases in critical care units"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Avian influenza A(H5N6):risk assessment"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Point of care tests for influenza and other respiratory viruses - Winter 2019-20","Seasonal influenza"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Influenza: the green book, chapter 19"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"National guidance for the management of children in hospital with viral respiratory tract infections (2023) | RCPCH"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Influenza like illness: managing outbreaks in schools"]
["Influenza - Pandemic influenza (flu)","Pandemic Influenza (flu)","Yes (Causative Agent)","Yes",null,"Pandemic influenza is a global outbreak of a novel influenza A virus strain. Flu pandemics are uncommon. However, such pandemics are serious as the virus can spread quickly due to lack of immunity to the novel strain in the population and immediate vaccination might not be available. Large numbers of individuals worldwide may be affected causing an excessive burden on healthcare services, as well as schools and businesses. The most recent flu pandemic was the 2009/10 ‘Swine flu’ pandemic which was caused by the influenza A virus strain H1N1.","Droplet, Droplet","Ranging between 1 and 3 days.","Cases are infectious 1 day before and up to 3 to 5 days after symptoms onset.","There is no precise exclusion period. Adults and children with symptoms of influenza are advised to remain at home until symptom free.","UK Influenza Pandemic Preparedness","Pandemic influenza","Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Avian influenza (influenza A H5N1): risk to human health"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Pandemic flu"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Pandemic Influenza: Guidance for infection control in ambulance services"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Pandemic flu - workplace guidance (HSE)"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"National guidance for the management of children in hospital with viral respiratory tract infections (2023) | RCPCH"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Pandemic Influenza: Preparedness for an influenza pandemic"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Managing specific infectious diseases: A to Z: influenza"]
["Klebsiella","Klebsiella Pneumoniae","No","Yes",null,"Klebsiella is a type of bacteria commonly found in nature. In humans, the bacteria are often present in parts of the digestive tract where they do not generally cause problems. In the United States, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Klebsiella oxytoca are the two strains responsible for most human illnesses. Many Klebsiella infections are acquired in the hospital setting or in long-term care facilities. In fact, Klebsiellae account for up to 8% of all hospital-acquired infections. People with a compromised immune system and/or people who have an implanted medical device (such as a urinary catheter or airway tube) are more at risk for Klebsiella infections. Extensive use of antibiotics has resulted in the development of antibiotic-resistant strains of Klebsiella.","Contact","Ranging between 7 and 21 days","Unknown - based on clinical judgement","No exclusion from work, school, or child care settings","Klebsiella species: guidance, data and analysis","Risk Assessment: Emergence of hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae ST23 carrying carbapenemase genes in EU/EEA countries","Back "]
[null,"Klebsiella Oxytoca"]
["Legionella spp","Legionellosis","Yes (Notifiable ID), Yes (Causative Agent)","Yes",null,"Legionellosis is a collective term for diseases caused by Legionella bacteria, including the most serious Legionnaires’ disease, as well as the similar but less serious condition of Pontiac fever. Legionnaires’ disease is the pneumonic form of the disease causing a potentially fatal form of pneumonia. Pontiac fever causes an acute, self-limiting influenza-like illness with symptoms that include fever, headaches and muscle aches, but unlike Legionnaires’ disease, Pontiac fever does not cause pneumonia. Legionella bacteria are widely distributed in natural and artificial water supplies, and in soil. Exposure is airborne (either indoor or outdoor) usually through aerosolised water which is contaminated with Legionella. Hospital equipment implicated in outbreaks and identified as producing aerosols include:  showers, cooling towers, water-cooled air conditioning systems and humidifiers. The bacteria are not transmissible from patient to patient. Those at risk of this infection include individuals over 50 years of age, smokers and heavy drinkers, individuals with kidney disease, diabetes, heart and lung disease and those who are immunocompromised.","Airborne (environmental)","Legionnaires Disease: typically 5 to 6 days (ranging between 2 and 10 days). Pontiac Fever: typically 1 to 2 days (ranging between 0 and 3 days).","Not transmissible from patient to patient","No exclusion from work, school, or child care settings","Legionnaires' disease: guidance, data and analysis","Legionella (Legionnaires' Disease and Pontiac Fever)","Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Legionella: detection in healthcare premises"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Legionella control in evaporative cooling systems: underlying causes of breaches in health and safety compliance, HSE","Legionnaires’ disease"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Legionnaires’ disease: risks of pre-heated birthing pools"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Legionella and Legionnaires' disease"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Legionnaires’ disease: The control of legionella bacteria in water systems. Approved code of practice and guidance on regulations"]
["Lice see Body Lice",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back "]
["Lice see Head Lice ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back"]
["Lice see Pubic Lice",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back "]
["Measles virus (Rubeola)","Measles (Rubeola)","Yes (Notifiable ID), Yes (Causative agent)","No",null,"Measles is a highly infectious acute viral disease resulting from infection with measles virus. Initial symptoms include fever, conjunctivitis, cough, runny nose and sneezing. This is followed by small grey/white spots, called Koplik’s spots, on the inside of the mouth 1 to 2 days before rash onset which may last for 2 to 4 days. Measles rash appears red and blotchy, developing 2 to 4 days after the onset of fever, and spreading from the head to the body over the next 3 to 4 days. Vulnerable groups include unvaccinated children/pregnant women, immunocompromised patients and the chronically ill. These groups are more at risk of developing severe complications including pneumonia/bronchitis, convulsions, diarrhoea, meningitis/encephalitis, immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) and late onset subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE). Measles is transmitted via respiratory droplets, or direct contact with nasal/throat secretions of infected individuals. In the UK, no confirmed deaths due to acute measles were recorded between 1992 and 2006. By 2014, interrupted endemic transmission of measles was observed in the UK however, in 2016 the WHO Regional Verification Committee (RVC) declared the UK had eliminated endemic measles. In 2018, the RVC declared that measles transmission was re-established in the UK.","Droplet / Airborne","Ranging between  7 to 18 days (mean 10 to 12 days)","Individuals are typically infectious 5 days before and up to 4 days after rash onset. "," 4 days after onset of rash","Measles: Post exposure prophylaxis","Measles","Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Measles: guidance, data and analysis"]
[]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Measles: the green book, chapter 21","Measles"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"National guidance for the management of children in hospital with viral respiratory tract infections (2023) | RCPCH"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Measles: guidance on public health response to cases who have travelled by air whilst infectious"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"NICE: Clinical Knowledge Summary"]
["Meningitis (bacterial) See Neisseria meningitides",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back "]
["Meticillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) See Staphylococcus Aureus",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back "]
["Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) See coronavirus",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back "]
["Mpox virus","Mpox, Monkeypox","Yes (Notifiable ID), Yes (Causative Agent)","No",null,"Monkeypox (Mpox) is an uncommon viral infection caused by the monkeypox virus. In November 2022, the WHO recommended that the term “Mpox” should be used to refer to monkeypox disease. Both names will be used simultaneously for one year while “monkeypox” is phased out. \n\nIn 2023, the Advisory Committee on Dangerous Pathogens (ACDP) recommended that that Clade I (formerly known as Central African or Congo basin clade) should remain an HCID and that all  of Clade II MPXV (formerly West African clade) should no longer be classified as an HCID.  In February 2025 ACDP updated its recommendation and advised that clade I MPXV should also no longer be classified as a HCID.\n\nMpox remains a WHO Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC).\n\nAfrican rodents are suspected to be the source of transmission.  The first human case was recorded in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of Congo and since then Mpox was documented outside of Africa; in the United States in 2003 and in the UK in 2018. Since May 2022, cases of Mpox have been reported in multiple countries that do not usually have Mpox virus in animal or human populations, including the UK. Symptoms include fever, headache, muscle aches, exhaustion, swollen lymph nodes and a rash consisting of raised lesions/vesicles that scab over and fall off. The illness is usually mild and self-limiting with most individuals recovering within a few weeks however severe illness can occur in some individuals. Infection is spread when an individual comes into contact with an infected animal or human, or with contaminated clothing or linen. Mpox does not spread easily between people and there is a very low risk of transmission to the general population. An effective vaccine is available which is administered to higher risk contacts and is recommended to certain populations of GBMSM.","Contact / Airborne","Typically between 6 and 13 days but can range between 5 and 21 days.","From onset of symptoms until scabs have crusted over.","Until all scabs have crusted over.","Monkeypox: guidance","Mpox (monkeypox)","Back "]
[]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Derogation of clade I mpox - GOV.UK"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Mpox clade Ib and clade IIb outbreak: epidemiological overview - GOV.UK"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Smallpox and mpox: the green book, chapter 29 - GOV.UK","Mpox"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"UKHSA data dashboard/"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Information For Healthcare Professionals | Mpox | Poxvirus | CDC"]
[]
[]
["Mumps virus","Mumps (infectious parotitis)","Yes (Notifiable ID), Yes (Causative Agent)","No",null,"Mumps is a disease caused by a paramyxovirus. The symptoms include swelling of the parotid glands (Parotitis) which may be painful, causing difficulty with swallowing. Parotitis may be preceded by several days of non-specific symptoms such as fever, headache, malaise, nausea, myalgia and anorexia; although asymptomatic mumps infection is common, particularly in children. Common complications may include swelling of the ovaries (oophoritis), swelling of the testes (orchitis), pancreatitis and viral meningitis. Rare complications include encephalitis and permanent hearing loss; Mumps is rarely fatal. Mumps is a vaccine preventable disease and is part of the normal childhood vaccination schedule.","Droplet","Typically 17 days, ranging between 14 and 25 days.","Several days before the parotid swelling starts until several days afterwards.","Exclude for five days after onset of swelling.","Mumps: risk in pregnancy, infection in healthcare settings and MMR vaccine","Mumps","Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Mumps: epidemiology, surveillance and control"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Mumps: Clinical Knowledge Summary"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Mumps: the green book, chapter 23"]
["Mycobacterium chimaera See nontuberculosis mycobacteria",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back "]
["Mycobacterium tuberculosis","Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis ","Yes (Notifiable ID), Yes (Causative Agent)","Yes",null,"Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. bovis, M. africanum, M. canetti or M. microti, which together form the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. There are two forms of tuberculosis: TB affecting the lungs; and TB causing infection elsewhere in the body, including the glands, bones and nervous system. Typical symptoms of TB can include extreme tiredness/fatigue, loss of appetite/weight, night sweating and fever. Additional symptoms for pulmonary TB include increasing breathlessness and a persistent productive cough lasting more than 3 weeks, which may be bloody. Additional symptoms of extrapulmonary TB vary but may include: persistently swollen glands, abdominal pain, pain and loss of movement in an affected bone or joint, confusion, persistent headache and seizures. TB is treated with antibiotics, however resistance to the antibiotics used for treatment is an increasing problem: Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR TB) is caused by an organism that is resistant to at least isoniazid and rifampin, the two most potent TB drugs that are used in all cases for treatment. Extensively drug resistant tuberculosis (XDR TB) is a rare type of MDR TB that is resistant to isoniazid and rifampin, plus any fluoroquinolone and at least one of three injectable second-line drugs (i.e., amikacin, kanamycin, or capreomycin). Because XDR TB is resistant to the most potent TB drugs, patients are left with treatment options that are much less effective. XDR TB is of particular concern for persons with HIV infection or other conditions that can weaken the immune system. Patient to patient transmission of TB predominantly occurs by inhalation of infected airborne particles (airborne route). In some cases after infection the bacteria can remain latent in the body for a long time (even lifelong), causing no symptoms of disease. Individuals with latent TB infection (LTBI) are not infectious; however under favourable conditions i.e. immunosuppressed, the bacteria can start multiplying (reactivate) and cause clinical disease. Vulnerable groups include: those in close contact with an individual with infectious TB disease; those who have immigrated from areas of the world with high rates of TB; children younger than 5 years of age who have a positive TB test; and groups with high rates of TB transmission, such as the homeless, injection drug users, individuals with HIV infection and persons who work or reside with individuals who are at high risk of contracting TB. The TB vaccine (BCG) is recommended for certain at risk groups. Since 2011, the incidence of TB has fallen across the UK with most new cases associated with infection acquired outside the UK. ","Contact","Ranging between 14 and 70 days, however, immunocompromised individuals may have a shorter incubation period while those with latent TB infections may never develop TB disease.","While symptomatic and for 2 to 4 weeks after antibiotic treatment commences and while viable bacilli are discharged in sputum.","Pulmonary TB: Whilst symptomatic and for 2 weeks after appropriate antibiotic treatment commences. Non-pulmonary TB: No exclusion.","Tuberculosis: pre-entry screening in the UK","Nil","Back "]
[null,"Pulmonary or laryngeal Tuberculosis","Yes (Notifiable ID), Yes (Causative Agent)",null,null,null,"Airborne"]
[]
[]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Tuberculosis (TB): diagnosis, screening, management and data","Nil"]
[null,"Pulmonary or laryngeal Tuberculosis",null,null,null,null,"Airborne",null,null,null,"Tuberculosis: the green book chapter 32","Tuberculosis"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Tuberculosis (TB): action plan for England","Nil"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Tuberculosis: Quality Standard","WHO guidelines on tuberculosis infection prevention and control"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"TB information for prison staff","Nil"]
["Mycoplasma pneumoniae","Pneumonia","No ","Yes (respiratory infection)",null,"M. pneumoniae is a bacterium that causes acute respiratory illness ranging in severity from mild illness to severe pneumonia. M. pneumoniae infection may cause a wide range of respiratory presentations such as bronchitis, bronchiolitis, pharyngitis and pneumonia. The most common type of illness, especially in children, is tracheobronchitis (chest cold); symptoms include fatigue, fever, headache and a slowly worsening cough that can last for weeks or months. M. pneumoniae infections are almost exclusively mild. Most people who are exposed for a short amount of time to someone with M. pneumoniae infection do not become ill, however, it is common for this illness to spread between family members who live together. M. pneumoniae infection can on rare occasion result in severe complications such as encephalitis, and can be fatal;  high risk groups who are at risk of developing more serious illness include those recovering from respiratory illness, individuals with asthma and those who are immunocompromised.","Droplet","Ranging between 7 and 28 days.","While symptomatic.","No exclusion from work, school, or child care settings","Mycoplasma pneumoniae","Clinical Features of Mycoplasma pneumoniae Infection | M. pneumoniae Infection | CDC","Back "]
["Neisseria meningitidis","Meningococcal Disease","Yes (Causative agent)","No",null,"Meningococcal disease occurs as a result of a systemic bacterial infection with Neisseria meningitidis. Meningococci are considered to colonise the nasopharynx of approximately 10-35% of individuals and colonisation does not lead to infection in the majority of cases. Meningococcal disease can present as meningitis and/or septicaemia. Early symptoms include malaise, fever and vomiting. Headache, neck stiffness, photophobia, drowsiness or confusion and joint pains may also occur. In meningococcal septicaemia, a rash may develop, along with signs of advancing shock and isolated limb and/or joint pain. The rash may be non-specific early on, however, as the disease progresses it may become petechial or purpuric and may not blanch. In young infants the onset may be insidious and the signs may be non-specific without ‘classical’ features of meningitis. Clinical deterioration may be very rapid with poor peripheral perfusion, pallor, rapid breathing, rapid heart rate and the emergence of a meningococcal rash. In severe cases, patients may present with hypotension or be unresponsive. N. meningitidis infection can also lead to the development of other conditions including pneumonia, myocarditis, endocarditis, pericarditis, arthritis, conjunctivitis, urethritis, pharyngitis and cervicitis. There is a marked seasonal variation in meningococcal disease, with peak levels occurring in winter months. High risk groups for severe infection include children below 5 years of age and young people aged 15-19. Vaccines that protect against some serogroups of the bacteria are available to individuals in these groups.","Droplet","Typically 3 to 4 days (ranging between 2 and 10 days)."," While symptomatic and until 24 hours after initiation of effective therapy."," While symptomatic and until 24 hours after initiation of effective therapy (there is no reason to exclude siblings or other close contacts).","Meningococcal: the green book, chapter 22","Meningococcal disease","Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Meningitis - bacterial meningitis and meningococcal disease:: CKS","Nil"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Meningococcal disease: guidance, data and analysis","Meningococcal Disease"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Meningococcal disease: guidance on public health management"]
["Nipah virus","Nipah virus","No","Yes (high consequence infectious diseases (HCIDs))",null,"Nipah virus is a member of the Paramyxoviridae family (genus Henipavirus) and is classed as a high consequence infectious disease (HCID).  It is a zoonotic virus and fruit bats of the Pteropodidae family are considered to be the natural reservoir.  Infections in humans were reported for the first time in 1998 in Nipah, Malaysia, following an outbreak originating from pig farms. The virus can be transmitted to humans from animals (particularly bats, pigs, horses), contaminated foods, and also directly from contact with infected humans. Although asymptomatic infection can occur, clinical illness typically consists of a sudden onset, flu-like or febrile illness, sometimes with gastrointestinal symptoms. Pneumonia and other severe respiratory symptoms can also occur, however the most serious complication is encephalitis, which may progress to coma.  The mortality rate is high at 40% to 75%. Long term neurological sequelae have been reported and a small number of people relapse or develop delayed onset encephalitis. There is currently no vaccine available and treatment is limited to supportive care. ","Contact / Airborne","Ranging between 4 and 14 days, but has been reported to be up to 45 days.","The exact period is unknown, however, likely to be while symptomatic and during the incubation period.","Unknown - based on clinical judgement","Nipah virus: epidemiology, outbreaks and guidance","https://www.who.int/health-topics/nipah-virus-infection","Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"High consequence infectious diseases (HCID)","About Nipah Virus | Nipah Virus | CDC"]
["Nits See Lice",null,null,null,null,"Nits are the empty egg cases/sacs attached to hair that Head/Body/Pubic lice hatch from.",null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back "]
["Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM)","Mycobacteriosis ","No ","No",null,"Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are mycobacteria which do not cause tuberculosis or leprosy. NTM infections are most frequently located in the lungs, but may also be found in lymph nodes, skin, soft tissue, joints and bones. NTM cause pulmonary diseases that resemble tuberculosis: symptoms may include fever, tiredness, nausea/vomiting, night sweats, cough and weight loss, with the more severe cases requiring antibiotic and steroid therapy. NTM comprise a multispecies group of organisms common throughout the environment and are rarely associated with outbreaks in care settings. NTM is not considered contagious and is spread via environmental sources, typically water, but also contaminated medical equipment/devices. Fifteen species are recognized as pathogenic to humans, with some species showing high levels of antimicrobial resistance particularly M. abscessus. M. abscessus: Healthcare-associated infections due to this bacterium are usually of the skin and the soft tissues under the skin, which usually become red, warm, tender to touch, swollen, and/or painful. Infected areas can also develop boils or pus-filled vesicles. M. abscessus is also a cause of serious lung infections in individuals with chronic lung diseases, such as cystic fibrosis. Infection with M. abscessus is usually caused by injections of substances contaminated with the bacterium or through invasive medical procedures employing contaminated equipment or material. Infection can also occur after accidental injury where the wound is contaminated by soil. M. avium and M. fortuitum have been linked to hot tubs or spa baths, with NTM found in spa bath water and/or in the air of the homes of the people diagnosed with NTM infection. Infection may occur in the skin or soft tissues following trauma or surgery. M. chimaera which belongs to the M. avium complex, has been recognised as a cause of endocarditis, severe disseminated infection and chronic sternal wound infection in patients who have undergone cardiothoracic surgery. This is likely to be transmitted from the heater cooler units of cardiopulmonary bypass equipment. M. chimaera may manifest many years after surgery. Vulnerable groups include HIV infected and immunocompromised individuals, cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, and those who have had open heart surgery since January 2013.","Contact / Droplet","Ranges widely from days to years","Unknown - based on clinical judgement","Unknown - based on clinical judgement","Mycobacterium chimaera infections: guidance for secondary care","Nil","Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Slow growing mycobacteria: procedure for testing heater cooler units"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of non-tuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease"]
[null,"Mycobacterium abscessus infection","No",null,null,null,"Contact",null,"M. abscessus is typically not transmitted from person to person. However, in cystic fibrosis patients person to person transmission has been reported but duration of infectiousness is unclear.",null,"Mycobacterium chimaera: infections linked to heater cooler units","About Nontuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) Infections | NTM | CDC"]
["Norovirus","Norovirus gastroenteritis, winter vomiting disease, Norwalk-like viruses","No","Yes (diarrhoea and/or vomiting)",null,"Norovirus, also known as ‘winter vomiting disease’, belongs to the Caliciviridae family of viruses and is a common gastrointestinal infection. Symptoms include acute onset of non-bloody watery diarrhoea and/or vomiting, often accompanied with abdominal cramps, myalgia, headache, malaise and low grade fever. Noroviruses are highly infectious and transmitted easily from patient to patient, contaminated food or water or by contact with contaminated surfaces or objects. Outbreaks are common in semi-enclosed areas such as hospitals, care homes, educational establishments and prisons due to population proximity. Although norovirus gastroenteritis is generally mild and of short duration, the illness can be severe among vulnerable population groups such as young children and the elderly.","Contact","Ranging between 12 and 48 hours","While individuals are symptomatic and for a further 48 hours after the cessation of symptoms. Prolonged shedding of the virus can occur in individuals who are immunocompromised and young children.","While symptomatic and 48 hours after cessation of symptoms.","Norovirus: guidance, data and analysis","Norovirus infection","Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Norovirus: managing outbreaks in acute and community health and social care settings"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Gastrointestinal infections: recommendations for public health management"]
["Panton Valentine Leukocidin (PVL) -positive Staphylococcus aureus See Staphylococcus aureus",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back "]
["Parainfluenza","Parainfluenza","No","Yes (respiratory infection)",null,"Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIV) are members of the genus Paramyxovirus and belong to the Paramyxoviridae family, which also includes mumps, measles and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). The five major serotypes of HPIVs can be grouped into two divisions: (1) HPIV-1 and HPIV-3 and (2) HPIV-2, HPIV-4 and mumps. Parainfluenza viruses are important causes of upper and lower respiratory disease in infants and young children, the elderly and those who are immunocompromised. HPIV-1 and HPIV-2 both cause croup, with HPIV-1 most often identified as the cause in children. Both can also cause upper and lower respiratory illness, and cold-like symptoms. HPIV-3 is more often associated with bronchiolitis, bronchitis, and pneumonia. HPIV-4 is less commonly recognised but may cause mild to severe respiratory illnesses. Parainfluenza viruses are responsible for around 15% of childhood colds, croup, bronchitis and pneumonia. The average duration of illness is 7 to 10 days.","Contact / Droplet","Ranging between 2 and 7 days.","Between 12 and 24 hours before onset of symptoms and up to 5 days after symptom onset.","Until asymptomatic ","Human parainfluenza viruses: clinical and public health management","Nil","Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"National guidance for the management of children in hospital with viral respiratory tract infections (2023) | RCPCH"]
["Parvovirus B19 - (Erythema infectiosum - Erythrovirus B19)","Slapped cheek syndrome/erythema infectiosum/fifth disease","No ","No",null,"Parvovirus B19 (also known as erythrovirus B19) belongs to the Parvoviridae family of viruses. It causes a common childhood illness called erythema infectiosum or fifth disease. The disease is characterised by fever, runny nose, headache and a rash with erythematous cheeks, from which it derives its common name ‘slapped cheek' disease. Parvovirus B19 infection generally results in a mild febrile illness, but can have more severe manifestations in vulnerable groups such as patients with underlying haemolytic conditions and those who are immunocompromised. Infection in the first 20 weeks of pregnancy is associated with increased risk of hydrops fetalis and intrauterine death.","Droplet","Ranging between 4 and 14 days.","Between 7 and 10 days before onset of rash (if any) develops until 1 day after rash appears.","While symptomatic until rash develops.","Parvovirus B19: guidance, data and analysis","Nil","Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"NICE Clinical Knowledge Summary: Parvovirus B19 infection"]
["Pneumocystis jirovecii","Pneumocystis Pneumonia","No ","No",null,"Pneumocystis jirovecii (formerly known as P. Carinii) is a yeast-like fungus of the genus Pneumocystis and is the agent that causes Pneumocystis Pneumonia (PcP). PcP infections affect the respiratory system and symptoms include fever, cough, shortness of breath and weight loss. It is an opportunistic infection affecting those with a weakened immune system including individuals with HIV/AIDS, haematological and solid malignancies on chemotherapy and those on high dose steroids or taking other immunosuppressive agents (e.g. after transplant surgery). ","Droplet / Airborne","Ranging between 21  and 84 days.","During the incubation and symptomatic period and while colonised/infected but only to individuals who are immunocompromised.","For patients in high risk units/settings - until resolution of symptoms or discharge from hospital.","Nil ","Pneumocystis Pneumonia Basics | Pneumocystis Pneumonia | CDC","Back "]
["Pontiac fever See Legionella spp.",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back "]
["Pseudomonas aeruginosa","Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection or colonisation","No ","Yes","Yes","Pseudomonas is a genus of Gram-negative, aerobic bacteria which contains almost 200 known species. Pseudomonas species are found widely in the environment, and some are part of the normal gut flora. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the species that most commonly causes infections in humans. It is an opportunistic pathogen: while it can cause minor infections such as folliculitis in healthy individuals, severe infections usually only occur in individuals who are immunocompromised or whose defences have been breached, such as oncology patients, neonates, severe burn patients, those with invasive medical devices, and patients with cystic fibrosis. P. aeruginosa infections in vulnerable people can include: bacteraemia, pneumonia (including ventilator-associated pneumonia), infections of wounds, gastrointestinal tract and urinary tract infections. Colonisation usually precedes infection. P. aeruginosa is intrinsically resistant to many commonly-used antibiotics, and can acquire antimicrobial resistance, making infections difficult to treat. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is commonly found in wet or moist environments, and can thrive in water systems. There have been serious P. aeruginosa outbreaks in adult and neonatal intensive care units, where the cause was thought to have been contamination of the tap water supply.","Contact / Droplet","Precise incubation period is unclear. ","While colonised or infected.","No exclusion from work, school, or child care settings","Pseudomonas aeruginosa: guidance, data and analysis","https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/259462","Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"https://www.cdc.gov/pseudomonas-aeruginosa/about/?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/hai/organisms/pseudomonas.html"]
["Pubic lice","Pubic lice infestation/ Pediculosis pubis/ pthiriasis","No ","No",null,"Pubic lice, Phthirus pubis (also known as ‘crabs’), are tiny parasitic insects that primarily live in pubic hair. Infestations with the parasites are known as pthiriasis or Pediculosis pubis. The parasites can infest other areas including eyelashes (causing pediculosis ciliaris),  and areas of coarse hair such as the abdomen, chest, underarms, beard and moustache. Signs and symptoms of pubic infestation include severe itch (which is worse at night), excoriation with possible secondary infection from scratching, detection of black powdery substance in underwear and blue/grey macular spots in affected areas. For those infestations affecting the eyes blepharitis, conjunctivitis, or corneal epithelial keratitis can occur. Pubic lice infestations are usually spread through sexual contact.","Contact","Lice hatch from eggs (‘nits’) 6 to 10 days after being laid.","While live lice are present.","Infected individuals should refrain from sexual contact until treatment is completed and reassessed to ensure no persistent infection.","NICE Clinical Knowledge Summary: Pubic lice","About Pubic \"Crab\" Lice | Lice | CDC","Back "]
["Rabies virus","Rabies","Yes (Notifiable ID), Yes (Causative Agent)","No",null,"The rabies virus is a member of the family of Rhabdoviridae. The most common mode for rabies transmission is from virus-laden saliva of an infected animal following an animal bite or scratch (in particular dogs but has also been found in bats). The onset of illness is insidious. Early symptoms may include paraesthesiae around the site of the wound, fever, headache and malaise. The disease may then present with hydrophobia, hallucinations and maniacal behaviour progressing to paralysis and coma, or as an ascending flaccid paralysis and sensory disturbance. Rabies is almost always fatal with death resulting from respiratory paralysis. Early intervention, including vaccination, is essential to prevent progression to later stages of infection which include acute nervous system dysfunction with muscle weakness, frothing saliva, general paralysis, convulsions and latterly death. ","Contact (blood and / or body fluids)","Highly variable: The incubation period of rabies depends upon the size of the inoculum and the distance of the inoculum from the victim’s central nervous system. The incubation period has been reported to range between a few days and few years.","Person to person transmission is uncommon.","Unknown - based on clinical judgement","Rabies pre-exposure prophylaxis: guidelines (PRET)","Rabies","Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Rabies post-exposure treatment: management (PET)"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Rabies vaccination: the green book, chapter 27"]
["Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)","RSV Infection ","No ","Yes (respiratory infection)",null,"Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a single stranded RNA paramyxovirus which belongs to the Pneumovirus genus. In the UK, RSV infection occurs regularly each year during the winter months (November to February). RSV usually causes mild, cold-like symptoms but may cause severe breathing problems and bronchiolitis or pneumonia in babies. Vulnerable groups include premature infants, young children and the elderly with heart or lung disease and immunocompromised individuals. There is no treatment available however antivirals may be used for supportive care. Vaccination is available for high-risk infants.","Contact / Droplet","Ranging between 2 and 8 days.","Typically 3 to 8 days. However, infants and individuals with weakened immune systems can continue to spread the virus for up to 4 weeks after cessation of symptoms.","Until asymptomatic ","RSV: the green book, chapter 27a","Considerations for infection prevention and control practices","Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"National guidance for the management of children in hospital with viral respiratory tract infections (2023) | RCPCH"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Respiratory, syncytial virus (RSV): guidance, data and analysis.","Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection (RSV)"]
["Rhinovirus ","Upper respiratory tract infection","No","Yes (respiratory infection)",null,"Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are characterised into three genetically distinct HRV groups, designated as A, B, and C, within the genus Enterovirus and the family Picornaviridae. HRVs are primarily associated with upper respiratory tract infection, otitis media, and sinusitis. It is the most common cause of common cold worldwide. The symptoms of a rhinovirus cold are largely subjective and may include nasal congestion or discharge, sore or scratchy throat, and cough. In addition, children can also have fever during the first 2 to 3 days and moderate enlargement of the anterior cervical nodes. Illness generally lasts from 5 to 7 days in adults, but it can persist for longer (10 to 14) days in children. HRVs are the most common cause of respiratory viral illness during the spring, summer, and autumn months. HRV is also a significant lower respiratory tract pathogen in patients with chronic pulmonary disease, children, and immunocompromised hosts. HRVs are transmitted from individual to individual via contact (either directly or through fomites) or aerosol (small or large particle). There are no approved antiviral therapies for HRVs currently, and treatment remains primarily supportive.","Contact / Droplet","Average incubation period of 2 days and a symptom duration period ranging between  7 and 14 days.","Until asymptomatic","No exclusion from work, school, or child care settings","Common cold (NICE, 2022)","Nil","Back "]
["Rotavirus","Rotavirus gastroenteritis","No ","Yes (diarrhoea and/or vomiting)",null,"Rotavirus belongs to the Reoviridae family of viruses and is a common cause of infectious gastroenteritis in infants and young children and less frequently in adults. Symptoms last 4 to 6 days and include severe vomiting and diarrhoea, accompanied by stomach cramps - on rare occasions it can cause severe dehydration and death in young children. Rotavirus is transmitted from individual to individual or through contact with contaminated food, water, contaminated surfaces or objects.","Contact / Droplet","Ranging between 24 and 72 hours.","Between 2 days before symptom onset up to 10 days after symptoms cessation. Prolonged shedding of the virus can occur in individuals who are immunocompromised.","While symptomatic and for a further 48 hours after cessation of symptoms.","Rotavirus: the green book, chapter 27b","Rotavirus infection","Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Rotavirus: guidance, data and analysis","Rotavirus"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Recommendations for the Public Health Management of Gastrointestinal Infections 2019. Principles and practice (PHE, Chartered Institute of Environmental Health, Food Standards Agency 2019)"]
["Rubella","Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) ","Yes (Notifiable ID), Yes (Causative Agent)","No",null,"Rubella virus is a type of togavirus and causes rubella infection, also known as German measles and 3-day measles. Infections in otherwise healthy individuals are usually mild and self-limiting. Signs and symptoms include rash (which typically lasts 3 days and starts on the face then progresses to trunk and limbs), sore throat, fever, conjunctivitis, lymphadenopathy (which may last for several weeks) and arthralgia. Complications are rare, but include testicular swelling, thrombocytopenia, arthritis and in severe cases, post-infectious encephalitis, which can be fatal. Rubella infection in pregnancy is a major concern as it can cause miscarriage or congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). CRS can cause severe birth defects if rubella is contracted before 20 weeks gestation and the earlier in the pregnancy, the greater the risk of complications. CRS can cause cardiac, cerebral, ophthalmic and auditory defects, as well as prematurity, neonatal thrombocytopenia, anaemia and hepatitis. The most effective strategy for preventing rubella transmission has been the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine vaccination programme.","Vertical","Ranging between 7 to 21 days (mean 10 to 12 days). ","Between 1 week before symptoms appear and up to 5 days after appearance of the rash. CRS affected infants can be infectious up to 1 year after birth.","Individuals infected with rubella should stay off school or work and avoid contact with pregnant women where possible for 6 days after onset of rash.","Nil","Nil","Back "]
[null,"Rubella infection/German measles/3-day measles","Yes (Notifiable ID), Yes (Causative Agent)","No",null,null,"Droplet",null,null,null,"Rubella Summary","Rubella (German measles)"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Rubella (German measles): guidance, data and analysis"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Rubella: the green book, chapter 28"]
["Salmonella (non-typhoidal)","Salmonella gastroenteritis","Yes (Causative Agent)","No",null,"Salmonella spp. is a ubiquitous bacterium of which more than 2000 serotypes have been identified. Salmonella can cause food poisoning with most disease caused by two serotypes, S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium. Transmission occurs by the ingestion of contaminated food (most commonly poultry, red meat, raw eggs and dairy products and salad products) or via faecal contamination from an infected individual or animal. Symptoms include diarrhoea, stomach cramps and sometimes vomiting and fever.","Contact / Foodborne","Ranging between 12 and 72 hours.","Between 4 and 7 days while symptomatic, however asymptomatic /chronic carriers and children may shed organism for much longer.","While symptomatic and 48 hours after cessation of symptoms","Salmonella: guidance, data and analysis","Salmonella","Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Gastrointestinal infections: guidance for public health management"]
["Salmonella (Typhoidal)","Typhoid Fever","Yes (Notifiable ID), Yes (Causative agent)","Yes (diarrhoea and/or vomiting)",null,"Typhoid fever (enteric fever) is a systemic infection caused by the gram-negative bacterium Salmonella typhi. Transmission occurs through the ingestion of food or water that is contaminated with faeces. Direct faecal-oral transmission can also occur. Symptoms range from mild fever, diarrhoea, muscle aches and headache, to severe disseminated disease with multi-organ involvement in 10-15% of cases. The fatality rate is less than 1% with prompt antibiotic treatment but may be as high as 20% if left untreated. Typhoid fever is very rare in the UK and most cases are imported due to foreign travel to countries where typhoid fever is endemic, or contact with someone who has travelled.  Vaccination is available for those who live or travel to endemic areas where the risk of typhoid fever is high. ","Contact (faecal / oral)","Typically 10 to 20 days (ranging between 3 and 56 days)","Individuals are infectious for the duration of excretion of bacteria. Cases are not considered infectious prior to onset of symptoms.","While symptomatic and for 48 hours after symptoms cessation. Longer if advised by the HPT or Environmental Health Officer (EHO).","Typhoid: the green book, chapter 33","Typhoid Fever and Paratyphoid Fever","Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Salmonella Typhi resistant to third-generation cephalosporins"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Gastrointestinal infections: guidance for public health management"]
["Scabies","Scabies infestation","No","No",null,"Scabies is a contagious skin condition caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis. Infestations normally affect skin folds such as between fingers, on the wrist, elbows, knees, and around the buttock or breast creases. The main symptom of scabies infestation is intense itching of affected areas, particularly at night. There can also be a pimple-like skin rash or tiny raised lines caused by the mite burrowing into the skin to lay eggs. Transmission normally only occurs with prolonged direct contact with an affected person, though can be spread indirectly via the sharing of clothing, towels or bedding. Outbreaks are most common in the winter and tend to occur in populations in close, prolonged contact, such as children in school/nursery (and their parents) and nursing home residents. Crusted (Norwegian) Scabies is a severe form of the disease in which the skin develops thick crusts containing large amounts of mites/eggs. Often persons with crusted scabies do not have the usual signs and symptoms making the disease harder to diagnose. Groups most at risk are those with a weakened immune system, the elderly and those who are disabled (particularly those with neurological disorders). Crusted scabies is highly contagious either from direct or indirect contact and requires quick, aggressive treatment to prevent outbreaks.","Contact","Up to 56 days after the initial infection.","During incubation and infestation. Individuals are no longer infectious 24 hours after treatment has commenced.","Until first treatment has been completed.","Scabies: management advice for health professionals","About Scabies | Scabies | CDC","Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"UKHSA guidance on the management of scabies cases and outbreaks in long-term care facilities and other closed settings"]
["Scarlet Fever See Group A Streptococcus",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back "]
["Serratia marcescens","Serratia marcescens infection","No ","No",null,"Serratia marcescens, a member of the Enterobacteriaceae family, is an important cause of invasive infections in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), with significant associated morbidity and mortality. Serratia marcescens causes infections such as pneumonia, urinary tract infection, wound infections and bacteraemia. It is able to survive in moist nosocomial environments and colonize the gastrointestinal tract of neonates. Outbreaks of Serratia marcescens infections in NICUs have been widely documented. In many of these outbreaks, no point source was identified, and contaminated hands of healthcare workers are thought to have been the principal means of spread. Risk factors for nosocomial infection of neonates include; low birth weight (<1500g), premature delivery, use of invasive devices, prolonged hospital stay and intensive care, prolonged use of antibiotics and maternal infection prior to delivery. Death has also been reported in infants with severe conditions and/or congenital malformations, meningitis and septicaemia.","Contact","Precise incubation period is unclear. "," Until eradicated.","No exclusion from work, school, or child care settings","Nil","Nil","Back "]
["Shigella","Bacillary dysentery (Shigellosis)","Yes (Causative agent)","Yes (diarrhoea and/or vomiting)",null,"Shigella, also known as bacillary dysentery, is a genus of bacteria of which four species cause disease in humans: Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella flexneri, Shigella boydii, Shigella sonnei. Symptoms include: diarrhoea, often containing blood and mucus (dysentery), nausea, vomiting and fever. Sequelae include toxaemia and toxic megacolon. Shigella is highly infectious and is transmitted easily from individual to individual, through contaminated food or water or by contact with contaminated surfaces or objects.","Contact / Foodborne","Typically between 1 to 3 days, but can range between 12 and 96 hours and up to 1 week for Sh. Dysenteriae.","During acute infection, and up to 4 weeks after cessation of symptoms.","Individuals should be considered infectious for 48 hours after cessation of symptoms. Some groups may need to be excluded until clear of the infecting organism. ","Shigella: guidance, data and analysis","Nil","Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Recommendations for the Public Health Management of Gastrointestinal Infections 2019 (PHE)"]
["Shingles See varicella zooster virus",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back "]
["Slapped cheek syndrome (Fifth disease) See Parvovirus B19",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back "]
["Staphylococcus aureus","PVL-S.aureus infection","No","Yes",null,"Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterium that commonly colonises human skin and mucosa. Normally the bacteria cause no harm and those colonised with S. aureus remain asymptomatic. S. aureus can however lead to serious infections when bacteria spread to the bloodstream, this may occur when then skin is broken, for example following surgery or a medical procedure. S. aureus may cause a range of illness including skin and wound infections, infected eczema, abscesses or joint infections, endocarditis, pneumonia, osteomyelitis, urinary tract infections and bacteraemia. S. aureus can be spread from close contact with infected individuals, or touching surfaces or objects contaminated with S. aureus. Vulnerable groups include individuals with chronic conditions such as diabetes, cancer, vascular disease, eczema, lung disease and the immunocompromised. Most strains of S. aureus are treated with the more commonly used antibiotics, however some S. aureus bacteria are resistant to the antibiotic meticillin, these are termed meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Panton Valentine Leukocidin (PVL) positive Staphylococcus aureus is a cytotoxin produced by some strains of Staphylococcus aureus that causes leukocyte destruction and tissue necrosis. Infection with PVL S. aureus causes a variety of skin and soft tissue infections including boils, cellulitis, purulent eyelid infection, tissue necrosis and abscesses. Invasive infections include necrotising/ haemorrhagic pneumonia, necrotising fasciitis, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, and bacteraemia. PVL S. aureus is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, although fatalities remain rare.","Contact","Ranging between 4 to 10 days","While colonised/infected.","Hospitalised patients should be placed in single en-suite room while colonised/infected with MRSA and/or PVL-S.aureus. Advice from Human Resources and Occupational Health must be sought when dealing with screening or exclusion of staff from work during an outbreak.","Staphylococcus aureus: guidance, data and analysis","Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)","Back "]
[null,"Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA)",null,"Yes",null,null,null,null,null,null,"Guidelines for the control and prevention of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in healthcare facilities,"]
["Stenotrophomonas maltophilia","Stenotrophomonas maltophilia infection or colonisation","No ","No",null,"Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a gram-negative, aerobic bacterium that is most commonly found in aquatic environments. It is a low virulence organism which, in healthcare settings, may be found on environmental surfaces or prosthetic materials (e.g. central lines, catheters). Whilst it does not normally cause infections in healthy individuals, it has emerged as an important hospital acquired pathogen in vulnerable groups, including individuals with cystic fibrosis, underlying malignancy, immunosuppression and those with indwelling medical devices e.g. urinary catheters, mechanical ventilation. In these at-risk groups, S. maltophilia can cause bloodstream infections, respiratory infections, urinary infections and surgical site infections. It is resistant to many antibiotic classes resulting in limited treatment options.","Contact","Precise incubation period is unclear. ","While colonised/infected","No exclusion from work, school, or child care settings","Stenotrophomonas maltophilia guidance","Nil","Back "]
["Streptococcus pneumoniae","Invasive Pneumococcal Disease (IPD) (in blood, cerebrospinal fluid or other normally sterile site","Yes (Notifiable ID) ","No",null,"Streptococcus pneumoniae is a member of the Streptococcus family and is the bacterium responsible for causing pneumococcal infections. It is a normal part of the upper respiratory tract flora, however can become pathogenic with 90 different pneumococcal types (serotypes) that can cause diseases in humans. Pneumococcal infections are classified as invasive or non-invasive depending on the site affected and include; bronchitis, otitis media, acute sinusitis and conjunctivitis amongst others, and are also one of the leading causes of pneumonia. The elderly, young children (particularly neonates), and those who are immunocompromised are the most susceptible. Invasive Pneumococcal Diseases (IPD) are pneumococcal infections of sterile sites, such as blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) caused by S. pneumoniae. They are a major cause of morbidity and mortality, especially in the very young, elderly and those who are immunocompromised. Pneumococcal meningitis is a type of IPD and one of the most frequently reported causes of meningitis. Signs and symptoms include headache, fever, nausea and vomiting, stiffness of the neck and photophobia. There are two pneumococcal vaccines that can help to protect against pneumococcal disease; one is part of the routine childhood immunisation schedule, whilst the other is for those aged 65 and over or for those under 65 with certain underlying co-morbidities.","Contact","Typically ranging between 1 and 3 days but can be up to 10 days. However, many individuals are colonised and do not progress to infection. ","While the organism is present in respiratory secretions. In active infection, individuals are typically not contagious 24 to 48 hours after antibiotic treatment has commenced. ","Exclude until 24 hours post-commencement of antibiotic treatment.","Nil","Nil","Back "]
[]
[null,"Pneumococcal Meningitis","Yes (Notifiable ID)","Yes",null,null,"Droplet",null,null,null,"Nil","Nil"]
[]
[null,"Non-invasive Pneumococcal infection ","No","No",null,null,"Contact",null,null,null,"Pneumococcal: the green book, chapter 25","Nil"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Pneumococcal disease: guidance, data and analysis"]
["Streptococcus pyogenes. See Group A Streptococcus",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back "]
["Tetanus. See Clostridium tetani",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back "]
["Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs)","TSEs, Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)","No","Yes (transmissible spongiform encephalopathies)",null,"Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), or prion diseases, are a group of rare and invariably fatal neurodegenerative disorders. Three types of TSE can affect humans: idiopathic TSEs (e.g. sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease [CJD]), familial TSEs, acquired TSEs (e.g. iatrogenic CJD). Variant CJD (vCJD) is an acquired TSE caused by transmission of the agent responsible for bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle. Whereas sporadic CJD is most common in people over 50 and accounts for 85% of CJD cases, vCJD has an age of onset in the late 20s. Sporadic CJD presents as rapidly progressive dementia with a range of neurological signs and symptoms, including ataxia, myoclonus, visual disturbances and movement disorders. In vCJD, this presentation is often preceded by psychiatric symptoms, such as anxiety and depression. People with vCJD tend to live for an average of 14 months after symptom onset, while survival for sporadic CJD is frequently only a few months. Although not notifiable, the CMO mandates that all suspected cases must be reported to the local health protection team and the National CJD Research & Surveillance Unit. Main route of transmission. Iatrogenic transmission from cases of sporadic CJD can occur in association with specific medical interventions, including: receipt of hormones derived from human pituitary glands (i.e. growth hormone and gonadotrophin), organ or tissue transplants (i.e. dura mater grafts and corneal transplantation), neurosurgical procedures using contaminated instruments. With the exception of neurosurgical procedures, these interventions are no longer performed in the UK. Abnormal prion proteins can remain infective on instruments after steam sterilisation and are highly resistant to both chemical disinfectants and radiation. Iatrogenic transmission from cases of vCJD can occur via blood transfusion or receipt of blood products (e.g. clotting factors).","Contact (blood and / or body fluids)","Incubation periods for iatrogenic CJD vary widely and range from 1 to 2 years for transmission by contaminated neurosurgical instruments to over 30 years for transmission via human-derived pituitary hormones.","Blood and body fluid samples from patients with, or “at increased risk” of, CJD should be treated as potentially infectious for blood-borne viruses.","Isolation of patients with CJD is not necessary as there is no evidence that normal social or routine clinical contact with a CJD patient presents a risk to others.","Minimise transmission risk of CJD and vCJD in healthcare settings","Nil","Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Risk reduction measures for variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: PCWG report"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"CJD: Information leaflets for patients and healthcare professionals"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Chronic wasting disease: risk assessments"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD): guidance, data and analysis"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Public Health Action following a report of a new case of CJD or a person at increased risk of CJD"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease - a guide for social workers in England"]
["Tuberculosis (TB) See Mycobacterium tuberculosis",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back "]
["Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE)","Colonisation, device associated infections, urinary tract infection, catheter associated bacteraemia","No ","No",null,"Enterococci are a group of gram-positive bacteria that are naturally present in the human intestine, known as commensals.  They are normally harmless with colonisation occurring more frequently than infection, but can be pathogenic and cause bacteraemia, urinary tract infections, and wound and surgical site infections. Most infections are due to E. faecalis (around 90%), though cases of E. faecium are rising. Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE) are enterococci that are resistant to the antibiotic vancomycin making them more difficult to treat. Vancomycin resistance occurs in approximately 1% of E. faecalis and 34% of E. Faecium strains. They are sometimes referred to as Glycopeptide-resistant Enterococci (GRE). Most vancomycin-resistant Enterococcal infections are healthcare associated with high risk groups including patients with a history of antibiotic use (particularly vancomycin), presence of an invasive medical device and being immunocompromised.","Contact","Precise incubation period is unclear. ","Unknown - based on clinical judgement","No exclusion from work, school, or child care settings","Guidelines for the control of glycopeptide-resistant enterococci in hospitals","Nil","Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Enterococcus species and glycopeptide-resistant enterococci (GRE)"]
["Varicella zoster virus","Chickenpox ","Yes (Causative agent) ","No",null,"Chickenpox: Chickenpox (varicella) is an acute, generalised viral disease resulting from primary infection with varicella-zoster virus (VZV). The symptoms are fever and malaise prior to onset of the itchy vesicular rash. In children the rash is often the first sign of disease. Successive crops of lesions can appear, drying to a granular scab five or six days after the rash began. Chickenpox is generally not a serious infection, but complications including encephalitis, pneumonia and secondary bacterial infection can occur in previously healthy individuals. Chickenpox is most serious for pregnant women, immunocompromised individuals and exposed neonates; who are at risk of severe, disseminated disease. Vaccination is available to children and adults who are particularly vulnerable to chickenpox complications. Shingles: The varicella-zoster virus establishes latency after initial infection and may be re-activated, usually in later life, as herpes zoster (shingles). This often occurs when the immune system is weakened. The virus can be spread through direct contact with fluid from the rash blisters caused by shingles and it is therefore possible to catch chickenpox from an individual with shingles, although it is not possible to catch shingles from someone with chickenpox.","Droplet / Airborne","Varicella: between7 and 21 days. Shingles: reactivation can occur many years after initial infection.","Varicella: between 1 and 2 days before the rash appears up until the vesicles become dry. Shingles: infective while the rash oozes fluid.","Chickenpox: until all vesicles have crusted over, usually around 5 to 6 days. Shingles: exclude only if rash is weeping and cannot be covered.","Varicella: the green book, chapter 34","Nil","Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Chickenpox and shingles: infection control in prisons and other places of detention"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Chickenpox: public health management and guidance"]
[null,"Shingles ","Yes (Causative agent) ","No",null,null,"Contact / Droplet",null,null,null,"Shingles (Herpes zoster): the green book, chapter 28a","Nil"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Post exposure prophylaxis for chickenpox and shingles - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Shingles vaccination: guidance for healthcare practitioners - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)"]
["Vero cytoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) See Escherichia coli",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back "]
["Viral Haemorrhagic Fever (VHF)","Viral Haemorrhagic Fever","Yes (Notifiable ID)","Yes (high consequence infectious diseases (HCIDs))",null,"Viral haemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are a diverse group of viral illnesses caused by five distinct RNA virus families. Some VHF agents cause only mild disease, but others can be severe and life-threatening. There are many VHF agents, including the Ebola virus. Others include Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus, Dengue virus, Guanarito virus, Hantavirus, Junín virus, Kyasanur Forest disease virus, Lassa virus, Machupo virus, Marburg virus, Rift Valley fever virus,  and Yellow Fever virus. VHF infections cause fever and bleeding disorders, with other symptoms including headache, muscle weakness and fatigue. Severity of symptoms depends on the type of VHF virus. Yellow fever is the only VHF with an established vaccine. VHF agents are found in areas of Africa, South America and Asia. Animals are the natural host, but humans are at risk of acquiring infection if they live in endemic areas and healthcare workers caring for those with VHF are at higher risk, especially if not equipped with the appropriate protective equipment. Transmission of VHFs varies depending on virus type. However, there are four main routes of transmission: Bites from infected ticks, bites from infected mosquitoes, direct contact with infected animals (especially rodents), waste products and carcasses, direct contact with infected individuals, their body fluids and/or corpse. For those VHF agents that are transmitted via direct contact, many can continue to survive in body fluids out with the infected host for several days. As such, transmission can occur when handling body fluids (e.g. urine, blood) or contaminated devices from an infected individual or animal. Some VHFs, such as Ebola, can remain contagious for several days after death and careful handling and disposal of the deceased is vital to reduce transmission. Of note, survivors of VHF have been found to carry the virus in their body fluids (e.g. urine, breast milk, semen) many months after symptoms abate.","Contact","Ranging between 2 and 21 days","Varies depending on causative agent. For example, Ebola virus may be found in body fluids for prolonged periods after symptom cessation.","Exclusion is essential during symptomatic period, but depending on causative agent, further precautions may be required for varying periods after symptom cessation.","Viral haemorrhagic fevers: epidemiology, characteristics, diagnosis and management","Nil","Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Viral haemorrhagic fevers: origins, reservoirs, transmission and guidelines"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"PHE: High consequence infectious diseases (HCID)"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Viral haemorrhagic fever: ACDP algorithm and guidance on management of patients"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ebola: public health recommendations for asymptomatic contacts"]
["Whooping cough See Bortedella pertussis",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back "]
["Yersinia enterocolitica","Yersiniosis","No","No",null,"Y. enterocolitica is a common foodborne pathogen. Infection mainly occurs by ingestion of contaminated food or water, pork meat being a current contamination source. Infection with Y enterocolitica typically manifests as fever, diarrhoea, and abdominal pain in children younger than 5 years. Relapsing disease and, rarely, necrotizing enterocolitis also have been described. In adults and older children, a pseudo appendicitis syndrome attributable to mesenteric lymphadenitis (fever, abdominal pain, tenderness in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen, and leukocytosis) predominates. A major complication of Y enterocolitica-associated enteric infection is bacteraemia occurring mostly in children younger than 1 year and in older children with predisposing conditions, such as excessive iron storage and immunosuppressive states. Extraintestinal manifestations of Y. enterocolitica are uncommon and include pharyngitis, meningitis, osteomyelitis, pyomyositis, conjunctivitis, pneumonia, empyema, endocarditis, acute peritonitis, abscesses of the liver and spleen, urinary tract infection, and primary cutaneous infection. Postinfectious sequelae with Y enterocolitica infection include erythema nodosum, reactive arthritis, and proliferative glomerulonephritis.","Contact (faecal / oral)","Typically between 3 and 7 days but can range between 1 and 12 days.","Excretion of the organism in stool may persist for several months after infection but infectivity decreases substantially after the first 4 days or so.","Minimum of 48 hours symptom free/no loose stools.","Gastrointestinal infections: guidance for public health management","Yersinia enterocolitica (Yersiniosis)","Back "]
["Yersinia pestis (Pneumonic plague)","Yersinia pestis (Pneumonic plague)","Yes (Notifiable ID), Yes (Causative agent)","Yes (high consequence infectious diseases (HCIDs))",null,"Plague is a rare disease caused by Yersinia pestis, a gram-negative bacterium that is primarily found in wild rodents. The disease occurs in three main forms; pneumonic, septicemic, and bubonic. Symptoms vary depending on the disease form but most people initially experience fever, chills, headache, and weakness. Bubonic plague affects the lymph nodes, which become inflamed and swollen (termed ‘buboes’). Septicemic plague involves the bloodstream and can occur as a primary infection or due to progression of untreated bubonic plague. Pneumonic plague is the most severe form involving a rapidly developing pneumonia with shortness of breath, chest pain, cough and sometimes bloody or watery mucous.  If untreated, plague can be fatal. Plague is no longer a risk in the UK. Humans contract bubonic and septicemic plague after being bitten by an infected rodent flea that is carrying the bacterium, or by handling an animal infected with plague. Human to human transmission occurs only with pneumonic plague when respiratory droplets are coughed or sneezed from an infected individual onto a close contact.  Pneumonic plague is highly infectious. Treatment with antibiotics is effective if diagnosed promptly. There is currently no effective vaccine.","Droplet","Ranging between 1 and 8 days","Until 48 hours after initiation of effective antibiotic therapy (for pneumonic plague)","Until 48 hours after initiation of effective antibiotic therapy (for pneumonic plague)","PHE: High consequence infectious diseases (HCID)","https://www.cdc.gov/infection-control/hcp/isolation-precautions/appendix-a-type-duration.html?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/infectioncontrol/guidelines/isolation/appendix/type-duration-precautions.html","Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Plague: epidemiology, outbreaks and guidance"]