{"text_format":"1","workbook":"xlsx","n_sheets":8,"sheets":["Title","Introduction","Surveillance","Patient Placement","Occupational Health","Instructions for use","Table of contents","A to Z Resource"],"not_rendered":{"charts":0,"images":13,"macros":1,"external_links":0,"defined_names":231,"comments":0,"pivot_tables":0},"unopened":[],"bounds":{"document_bytes":16777216,"sheet_cells":100000,"rows_first":2000,"rows_last":500,"rows_between":2000,"halvings":0,"cell_chars":16384,"cell_head_chars":4096},"cells_cut":0,"cells_raw":0,"read":"whole","date_system":"1900"}

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[]
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[null,"NHS England Infection Prevention and Control: \nA to Z of pathogens resource"]
[]
[]
[null,"Version 4.0 September 2025"]

{"sheet":"Introduction","index":1,"n_rows":0,"n_cols":0,"rows_kept":0,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[]}

{"sheet":"Surveillance","index":2,"n_rows":0,"n_cols":0,"rows_kept":0,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[]}

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{"sheet":"Table of contents","index":6,"n_rows":64,"n_cols":12,"rows_kept":64,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[]}
[null,"Table of Contents "]
[]
[null,"A",null,"B",null,"C",null,"D",null,"E",null,"F"]
[null,"Acinetobacter baumannii",null,"Bacillus anthracis (anthrax)",null,"Campylobacter",null,"Diphtheria",null,"Ebola see Viral Haemorrhagic Fever",null,"No Pathogens"]
[null,"Adenovirus ",null,"Bacillus cereus",null,"Candida auris",null,"Back to top ",null,"Enterovirus D68",null,"Back to top "]
[null,"Anthrax",null,"Bordetella pertussis (Whooping cough)",null,"Carbapenemase producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE)",null,null,null,"Escherichia coli O157 (STEC)"]
[null,"Aspergillus spp",null,"Burkholderia cepacia complex",null,"Chickenpox",null,null,null,"Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)"]
[null,"Back to top ",null,"Back to top ",null,"Chlamydia pneumoniae",null,null,null,"Back to top "]
[null,null,null,null,null,"Clostridioides difficile"]
[null,null,null,null,null,"Clostridium tetani"]
[null,null,null,null,null,"Coronavirus"]
[null,null,null,null,null,"Corynebacterium diphtheriae"]
[null,null,null,null,null,"Corynebacterium ulcerans"]
[null,null,null,null,null,"COVID-19"]
[null,null,null,null,null,"Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)"]
[null,null,null,null,null,"Cryptococcus spp."]
[null,null,null,null,null,"Cryptosporidium"]
[null,null,null,null,null,"Back to top "]
[]
[null,"G",null,"H",null,"I",null,"J",null,"K",null,"L"]
[null,"German measles see Rubella",null,"Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)",null,"Influenza - Pandemic influenza (flu)",null,"No Pathogens",null,"Klebsiella ",null,"Legionella spp"]
[null,"Giardia lamblia",null,"Hantavirus",null,"Influenza - Endemic Influenza (Flu)",null,"Back to top ",null,"Back to top ",null,"Back to top "]
[null,"Group A Streptococcus",null,"Hepatitis A Virus (HAV)",null,"Influenza - zoonotic (flu)"]
[null,"Back to top ",null,"Hepatitis B virus (HBV)",null,"Back to top "]
[null,null,null,"Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)"]
[null,null,null,"Hepatitis D Virus (HDV)"]
[null,null,null,"Hepatitis E Virus (HEV)"]
[null,null,null,"Hepatitis of Unknown Aetiology"]
[null,null,null,"Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)"]
[null,null,null,"Human metapneumovirus"]
[null,null,null,"Back to top "]
[]
[]
[null,"M",null,"N",null,"O",null,"P",null,"Q",null,"R"]
[null,"Measles virus (Rubeola)",null,"Neisseria meningitidis",null,"No Pathogens",null,"Panton Valentine Leukocidin (PVL) -positive Staphylococcus aureus",null,"No Pathogens",null,"Rabies virus"]
[null,"Meningitis (bacterial)",null,"Nipah virus",null,"Back to top ",null,"Parainfluenza",null,"Back to top ",null,"Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)"]
[null,"Meticillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)",null,"Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM)",null,null,null,"Parvovirus B19 - (Erythema infectiosum - Erythrovirus B19)",null,null,null,"Rhinovirus"]
[null,"Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV)",null,"Norovirus (winter vomiting disease, Norwalk-like viruses)",null,null,null,"Pneumocystis jirovecii",null,null,null,"Rotavirus"]
[null,"Mpox (Monkeypox)",null,"Back to top ",null,null,null,"Pontiac fever",null,null,null,"Rubella"]
[null,"Mumps virus",null,null,null,null,null,"Pseudomonas aeruginosa",null,null,null,"Back to top "]
[null,"Mycobacterium chimaera",null,null,null,null,null,"Back to top "]
[null,"Mycobacterium tuberculosis"]
[null,"Mycoplasma pneumoniae"]
[null,"Back to top "]
[]
[null,"S",null,"T",null,"U",null,"V",null,"W",null,"X"]
[null,"Salmonella (non-typhoidal)",null,"Tetanus",null,"No Pathogens",null,"Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE)",null,"Whooping cough",null,"No Pathogens"]
[null,"Salmonella (Typhoidal)",null,"Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs)",null,"Back to top ",null,"Varicella zoster virus",null,"Back to top ",null,"Back to top "]
[null,"Scarlet Fever",null,"Tuberculosis (TB)",null,null,null,"Vero cytoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC)"]
[null,"Serratia marcescens",null,"Back to top ",null,null,null,"Viral Haemorrhagic Fever (VHF)"]
[null,"Shigella",null,null,null,null,null,"Back to top "]
[null,"Shingles"]
[null,"Slapped cheek syndrome (Fifth disease)"]
[null,"Staphylococcus aureus"]
[null,"Stenotrophomonas maltophilia"]
[null,"Streptococcus pneumoniae"]
[null,"Streptococcus pyogenes"]
[null,"Back to top "]
[]
[]
[null,"Y",null,"Z"]
[null,"Yersinia enterocolitica",null,"No Pathogens"]
[null,"Yersinia pestis (Pneumonic plague)",null,"Back to top "]
[null,"Back to top "]

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["Pathogen","Disease ","Notifiable under Health Protection (Notification) Regulations 2010 by registered medical practitioners in England and Wales","Included in the Code of Practice","Epidemiology","Symptoms","At risk population(s)","Main route(s) of transmission ","Incubation period ","Period of infectivity ","Exclusion period from health, care, workplace, education settings (communicable disease) ","Staff exclusion from health or care settings","Guidance and supporting materials ",null,"Local Alert Organism","Back to contents page","Reviewed by (Initials)","Review date"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"UK","International"]
["Acinetobacter baumannii","Pneumonia,\nbacteraemia, skin\nand soft tissue\ninfections.","No","Yes","Acinetobacter baumannii is a gram-negative bacterium found in the environment (including, drinking water, soil and sewage) but it can also be found on the skin of some individuals. Clinically significant infections are almost exclusively identified in the hospital setting in the UK. It is an opportunistic pathogen affecting those with underlying health problems. \nA. baumannii infections can be difficult to treat due to multi-drug resistance (MDR); this organism harbours many resistance mechanisms which it is adept at acquiring. MDR strains of A. baumannii are often resistant to carbapenems and other broad-spectrum antibiotics.\n A. baumannii skin and soft tissue infections are also associated with injuries sustained in conflict zones.","A. baumannii can cause a wide variety of infections, usually associated with healthcare interventions and devices such as ventilator-associated pneumonia, bacteraemia, urinary tract infections and surgical site infections (including post-neurosurgical meningitis). ","•\tIndividuals with underlying health conditions: chronic lung disease, chronic kidney disease, diabetes, individuals with burn injuries or those who are immunocompromised or immunosuppressed.\n•\tIndividuals in intensive care settings.","Contact","Ranging between 4 and 40 days after exposure.","The exact period is unknown.","Only usually required in specific circumstances e.g. for resistant strains, at risk populations.","Refer to occupational health and local policy for further guidance.","UKHSA-Acinetobacter species ","ECDC-Rapid risk assessment: Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in healthcare settings – 8 December 2016",null,"Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"UKHSA-Acinetobacter spp. bacteraemia: annual data from voluntary surveillance","CDC-About Acinetobacter | Acinetobacter "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"WHO-Guidelines for the prevention and control of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in health care facilities"]
["Adenovirus ","Conjunctivitis","No ","No","Adenoviruses are members of the family of viruses adenoviridae. Currently, more than 50 different adenoviruses have been identified. Infections in humans are typically caused by one of seven species, Human Adenovirus types A to G. Adenovirus infections occur all year round. Most children will have been infected by at least one adenovirus by the time they are ten years old. Neonatal adenovirus infection is considered a rare and fatal disease.","Infections commonly affect the respiratory system; and may cause cold-like symptoms, sore throat, bronchitis and pneumonia.  Adenoviruses can also cause other illnesses such as gastroenteritis and conjunctivitis, less common presentations include bladder and neurological infections. ","•\tAdenovirus infection occur across all age groups, however infection is more common in infants\n•\tImmunocompromised and immunosuppressed individuals ","Contact","Ranging between 2 and 14 days. ","Individuals are most infectious during the first few days of symptoms (symptoms typically last 3 to 5 days). Adenoviruses can remain infectious for long periods of time on contaminated surfaces and medical equipment.","Whilst symptomatic, refer to occupational health and local policy for further guidance.","Refer to occupational health and local policy for further guidance.","Clinical management guidelines: Conjunctivitis (viral, non-herpetic)","Nil",null,"Back "]
[null,"Upper +/- lower respiratory tract infection",null,null,null,null,null,"Contact / Droplet",null,null,"No exclusion from work, school or childcare settings",null,"Nil","Clinical Overview of Adenovirus | Adenovirus | CDC"]
[null,"Gastrointestinal infection ",null,null,null,null,null,"Contact (faecal / oral)",null,null,"While symptomatic and 48 hours after cessation of symptoms",null,"Nil","Nil "]
["Anthrax See Bacillus anthracis",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back "]
["Aspergillus spp","Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis","No","Yes","Aspergillus spp. is a common fungus that can be found in the environment. Aspergillus spp. can often be found around plants and trees (including rotting leaves and compost) but also in air conditioning and heating systems, insulation material or dust.  Infection occurs if an individual inhales Aspergillus spores that hang in the air when the environment becomes disturbed. Spore levels may be increased during hospital building or renovation activities.","Symptoms of aspergillosis are highly variable, depending on the type of aspergillosis and the body systems affected. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is the most common form of invasive disease and usually affects those who are immunocompromised. Chronic aspergillosis is most common in those with pre-existing respiratory disease.","•\tIndividuals with underlying health conditions: respiratory disease, especially those with cystic fibrosis, and individuals who are immunocompromised or immunosuppressed.","Airborne","Varies widely, ranging from days to months, depending on underlying condition and infective dose","No person-to-person transmission","No exclusion from work, school or childcare settings","Refer to occupational health and local policy for further guidance.","Construction micro-organisms: Aspergillus during demolition and refurbishment.","Clinical Overview of Aspergillosis | Aspergillosis | CDC",null,"Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Aspergillosis - Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment | BMJ Best Practice"]
["Bacillus anthracis (anthrax)","Cutaneous or subcutaneous anthrax","Yes (Notifiable ID), Yes (Causative Agent)","No","Anthrax is caused by Bacillus anthracis, which primarily affects herbivorous animals, although all mammals are susceptible to infection. Anthrax is contracted through environmental exposure and cannot be transmitted from person to person. In humans, anthrax can affect the skin, respiratory or gastro-intestinal tracts. It is spread by spores which can be found in animal products. The spores can also contaminate soil and can survive for many years. There are also concerns about the use of anthrax as a bioterrorism agent. The symptoms of anthrax depend on route of infection and take four main forms: inhalation, gastrointestinal, cutaneous and subcutaneous. If untreated all types of anthrax have the potential to spread throughout the body and cause severe illness and death.","Cutaneous anthrax: is the most common presentation of anthrax (more than 90% of cases). It is caused when anthrax spores get into the skin. Initially one or more small blisters or bumps may be visible. These develop to form a dry, black firmly adherent scab from two to several cm in diameter across. The lesion rarely causes much pain, but there is nearly always considerable oedema which may spread a long way from the site of the lesion and may take up to six weeks to resolve. This appearance can also be caused by Staphylococcal and Streptococcal infections, Bacillus cereus and Cowpox all of which are much more frequent than anthrax in the UK. \n \nSubcutaneous anthrax is a novel form of infection seen in heroin users and most likely contracted from using heroin contaminated with anthrax spores. Symptoms include fever and chills, small blisters/ bumps at the injection site which change to a painless skin lesion with a black centre and swelling around the lesion often accompanied with abscesses at the injection site.","•\tIndividuals who work with or are in close contact with animals or contaminated animal products\n•\tIndividuals who inject drugs","Contact","Ranging between 1 and 7 days (usually 48 hours)","Person to person transmission is rare","Case by case basis","Refer to occupational health and local policy for further guidance.","Anthrax: guidance, data and analysis","Anthrax",null,"Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Anthrax: the green book, chapter 13"]
[null,"Gastrointestinal anthrax ",null,null,null,"Gastrointestinal anthrax: can occur through ingestion of spores and leads to severe gastrointestinal disease with nausea, vomiting, anorexia and fever leading to shock, collapse and death.","•\tIndividuals who work with or are in close contact with animals or contaminated animal products","Contact / Airborne","Ranging between 1 and 7 days",null,null,null,"Immunisation of healthcare and laboratory staff: the green book, chapter 12 - GOV.UK"]
[null,"Inhalation (or pulmonary) anthrax ",null,null,null,"Inhalation (or pulmonary) anthrax can occur when an individual inhales spores that are in the air (aerosolised) during the industrial processing of contaminated materials, such as wool, hides, or hair. Following the inhalation of spores, the time to onset of symptoms is dependent on the number of spores inhaled. The symptoms may include mild fever and malaise lasting a few days, followed by a flu-like illness. If untreated can lead to shock, collapse and death.","•\tIndividuals who work with or are in close contact with animals or contaminated animal products","Contact / Airborne","Ranging between 1 and 7 days (rarely up to 2 months) ",null,null,null,"Construction micro-organisms: Anthrax from contaminated land and buildings","CDC | Anthrax"]
["Bacillus cereus","Gastroenteritis, sepsis, pneumonia, endocarditis, central nervous system (CNS) and ocular infections","Yes (Causative agent) (if related to food poisoning), Yes (Notifiable ID) (if related to food poisoning)","No","Bacillus cereus (B.cereus) is a frequently recognised cause of toxin-induced acute gastroenteritis. B. cereus is also associated with invasive infections, such as bacteraemia, pneumonia, endocarditis, central nervous system and ocular infections.\n\nIt is transmitted by contaminated cooked foods, especially rice, pasta, and vegetables, as well as raw milk and meat products. Spores can persist in the environment for long durations and adapt well to environmental conditions. Airborne dissemination of the organisms from environmental sources is considered to further facilitate contamination.\n\nEnvironmental sources include soil, sediments, and vegetation. Contaminated hospital linen, blood culture media, gloves, and hospital construction have been implicated in the healthcare environment. Possible transmission has also been linked to organ preservation fluid and contaminated parenteral nutrition. \n\nMost B. cereus isolates produce beta-lactamases and are resistant to penicillin and cephalosporins. The risk of person-to-person transmission is typically considered to be low.","For diarrhoeal-type illnesses, symptoms include profuse watery diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and cramping. For emetic-type illnesses, symptoms include nausea and vomiting. Symptoms for both types usually resolve within 24 hours after onset. ","•\tIndividuals with underlying health conditions: those who are immunocompromised or immunosuppressed\n•\tIndividuals who inject drugs. \n•\tIndividuals in receipt of wound care.\n•\tNeonates","Contact / Foodborne","Ranging between 1 and 24 hours","No person-to-person transmission","While symptomatic and 48 hours after cessation of symptoms","Refer to occupational health and local policy for further guidance.","Gastrointestinal infections: recommendations for public health management","Eurosurveillance | Possible contamination of organ preservation fluid with Bacillus cereus: the United Kingdom response",null,"Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Bacillus cereus"]
["Bordetella pertussis (Whooping cough)","Whooping Cough","Yes (Notifiable ID), Yes (Causative Agent)","Yes (respiratory infection)","The gram-negative bacterium Bordetella pertussis causes an acute respiratory infection called pertussis (whooping cough). It is an exclusively human pathogen that can affect individuals of all ages. Globally it is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly in infants. Unvaccinated children under 2 years of age are most at risk of complications. B. pertussis is highly infectious, with up to 90% of household contacts developing the disease.","The initial symptoms (catarrhal stage) include rhinitis, fever, cough and apnoea (in babies). Later symptoms (paroxysmal stage) include paroxysms of cough increase in frequency and severity as the illness progresses and persist for 2 to 6 weeks. In children the cough is followed by a high-pitched \"whoop\", often accompanied with vomiting and exhaustion after coughing fits. Adults generally have a non-productive cough without fever. They do not exhibit the ‘whoop’, but the cough can persist for several weeks and may act as a reservoir for B. pertussis during this period if not treated with appropriate antibiotics. ","•\tUnimmunised infants, born at less than or at 32 weeks, regardless of maternal vaccine status.\n•\tUnimmunised infants less than 2 months of age whose mother did not receive maternal pertussis vaccine after 16 weeks and at least 2 weeks before delivery.\n•\tInfants aged 2 months or over who are unimmunised or partially immunised (less than 3 doses of vaccine) regardless of maternal vaccine status.\n•\tIndividuals who are unvaccinated.","Droplet","Ranging between 4 and 21 days.","While symptomatic and until 48 hours after appropriate antibiotic therapy commenced, or for 21 days from onset of symptoms if appropriate antibiotic therapy has not been completed.","Until 48 hours after appropriate antibiotic therapy commenced, or 21 days from onset of symptoms if no antibiotic treatment given.","Healthcare workers with pertussis should remain off work until 48 hours of appropriate antibiotic treatment has been completed, or for 21 days from onset of symptoms if appropriate antibiotic therapy has not been completed.\nRefer to occupational health and local policy for further guidance.","Pertussis: guidelines for public health management","Clinical Overview of Pertussis | Whooping Cough | CDC",null,"Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Pertussis: the green book, chapter 24"]
[]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Pertussis: guidance, data and analysis","Pertussis"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Whooping cough CKS"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Pertussis: occupational vaccination of healthcare workers"]
["Burkholderia ","Burkholderia cepacia complex, Burkholderia cepacia","No","No","Burkholderia cepacia complex is a group of gram-negative bacteria commonly found in soil and water and are opportunistic pathogens in hospital environments. They can survive for prolonged periods in moist environments. B. cepacia poses little risk to healthy individuals \nNosocomial outbreaks related to contaminated environments and medical products and preparations (often aqueous), such as ultrasound gels, have been reported. B. cepacia are often resistant to common antibiotics and treatment typically requires a combination of antibiotics. B. cepacia can be transmitted to susceptible people by direct/indirect contact with contaminated surfaces and environmental exposure. \nPerson-to person spread is rare but can occur in specific circumstances","Infection typically involves the respiratory tract, symptoms including fever, cough, shortness of breath and wheezing. It can also affect the urinary tract, surgical sites, and cause bacteraemia; this is more likely where indwelling devices are present.","•\tIndividuals with underlying health conditions: respiratory disease, especially those with cystic fibrosis, and individuals who are immunocompromised or immunosuppressed.","Contact","Not defined","While colonised or infected","Case by case basis - usually only required in specific circumstances e.g. individuals with cystic fibrosis ","Refer to occupational health and local policy for further guidance.","Good infection prevention practice: using ultrasound gel","About Burkholderia cepacia complex | B. cepacia | CDC",null,"Back "]
[null,"Burkholderia pseudomallei,   ",null,null,"B. pseudomallei causes melioidosis which is endemic in tropical and subtropical countries. It is spread to people and animals through direct contact with contaminated soil or water. B. pseudomallei are often resistant to common antibiotics and treatment typically requires a combination of antibiotics.   ","Melioidosis has a wide range of symptoms making it difficult to diagnose, symptoms include sepsis, fever, pneumonia and localised abscess. ","•\tIndividuals with underlying health conditions: chronic lung disease, diabetes, liver disease, kidney disease, those who are immunocompromised or immunosuppressed",null,"Ranging between 1 and 21 days, however it can remain latent for many years.",null,"No exclusion from work, school or childcare settings",null,"The Burkholderia cepacia complex. Suggestions for Prevention and Infection Control.","About Melioidosis | Melioidosis | CDC"]
["Campylobacter","Campylobacter Gastroenteritis","Yes (Notifiable ID), Yes (Causative agent) (if related to food poisoning)","No","Campylobacter is a gram-negative bacterium and is a leading cause of diarrhoeal illness. A variety of Campylobacter spp. can cause gastrointestinal infections in humans, but the two most common are C. jejuni and C. coli. The infection follows a seasonal pattern in temperate regions with a peak in the late spring/summer months. Campylobacter spp. are associated with raw or undercooked meat in particular poultry. C. coli is particularly associated with pigs. \n\nCampylobacter spp. cannot multiply outside the host but may exist in environmental sources such as soil, manure and water sources.","Symptoms can include diarrhoea (sometimes bloody), nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain, malaise and fever, with symptoms lasting from 2 to10 days. ","•\tImmunocompromised and immunosuppressed individuals. \n•\tChildren aged ≤ 5 years.\n•\tOlder adults aged ≥65 years.\n•\tIndividuals who work with or are in close contact with animals or contaminated animal products. ","Contact / Foodborne","Ranging between 1 and 5 days but can be up to 11 days.","While symptomatic and 48 hours after cessation of symptoms.","While symptomatic and 48 hours after cessation of symptoms","Refer to occupational health and local policy for further guidance.","Campylobacter: guidance, data and analysis","Nil",null,"Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Gastrointestinal infections: recommendations for public health management"]
["Candida auris","Ear infection, wound infection and bacteraemia","No","No","Candida auris was proposed as the type species of the novel yeast genus Candidozyma (as Candidozyma auris) in the year 2024, to reflect its distant relationship to the principal Candida species (C. albicans complex, C. tropicalis and C. parapsilosis complex). \nC. auris has been associated with prolonged outbreaks in healthcare settings, especially intensive care settings. It is highly transmissible between patients and to patients from contaminated environments. \nColonisation is difficult to eradicate. It is usually resistant to fluconazole and can be multi-drug resistant. All newly positive screens or clinical samples from patients unknown to be colonised should be reported to the local health protection team.","C. auris can cause invasive infections such as bacteriaemia (candidaemia), pericarditis, urinary tract infections and pneumonia.  ","•\tIndividuals in intensive care settings.\n•\tIndividuals with underlying health conditions: those with chronic heart disease, diabetes, chronic kidney conditions and those who are immunocompromised or immunosuppressed (but only in the healthcare environment).","Contact","Unkown","While colonised or infected. Colonisation can persist for many months.","No exclusion from work, school or childcare settings","Refer to occupational health and local policy for further guidance.","Candida auris: laboratory investigation, management and infection prevention and control","Candida auris in healthcare settings - Europe",null,"Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Candida auris: infection control in community care settings","Infection Control Guidance: Candida auris | Candida auris (C. auris) | CDC"]
["Carbapenemase producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE)","Colonisation, device associated infections, urinary tract infection, catheter associated bacteraemia","Yes (Notifiable ID), Yes (Causative Agent)","Yes","Enterobacterales are a large family of gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria which include (amongst others) Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp. and Proteus spp. Many types of Enterobacterales are a part of the normal range of bacteria found in the gut, though they commonly cause infections such as bacteraemia, urinary tract infections and intra-abdominal infections. \n\nCarbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE) are Enterobacterales that have developed genes that confer resistance to multiple antibiotics, including carbapenems such as meropenem. These bacteria carry a carbapenemase enzyme that breaks down carbapenem antibiotics.\n\nIn the UK, CPE are predominantly healthcare associated, with immunocompromised individuals and those with prolonged hospital stays most at risk of developing an infection or being colonised.","CPE can be a colonising organism. Infections caused by CPE are difficult to treat and are associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. CPE can cause infection in most body systems.","•\tImmunocompromised and immunosuppressed individuals.\n•\tIndividuals with prolonged hospital stays.\n•\tIndividuals previously infected or colonised with CPE. \n•\tIndividuals previously admitted to a healthcare facility in the UK or abroad.","Contact","Not defined – long-term carriage is possible","Duration of CPE carriage is variable","No exclusion from work, school or childcare settings","Refer to occupational health and local policy for further guidance.","UKHSA – Actions to contain carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE) ","ECDC – Risk assessment on the spread of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) through patient transfer between healthcare facilities, with special emphasis on cross-border transfer",null,"Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Carbapenem resistance: guidance, data and analysis","ECDC – Carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae - second update"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"CDC – Healthcare facilities: information about CRE"]
["Chickenpox See Varicella virus",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back "]
["Chlamydia pneumoniae","Pneumonia","No","No","Chlamydia pneumoniae (also known as Chlamydophila pneumoniae) is an obligate intracellular gram-negative bacterium. It is a cause of community-acquired pneumonia. C. pneumoniae infections can occur in the upper or lower respiratory tract. Most respiratory infections caused by C. pneumoniae are asymptomatic or mild, although severe complications can occur. Severe complications can result in hospitalisation and sometimes death. Complications may lead to exacerbation of asthma, encephalitis, and myocarditis.","The main symptoms of Chlamydia pneumoniae are rhinitis, fatigue, fever, laryngitis, sore throat, headache and prolonged cough which may last for several weeks or months despite appropriate treatment.  ","•\tIndividuals who live or work in crowded settings (e.g. schools, military barracks, nursing homes, hospitals, and prisons).\n•\tOlder adults aged ≥65 years","Droplet","Ranging between 10 and 30 days","During the incubation period and while symptomatic. Post-infection carriage may persist for up to 8 weeks","No exclusion from work, school or childcare settings","Refer to occupational health and local policy for further guidance.","UKHSA-Bacteriology reference department (BRD) user manual ","About Chlamydia pneumoniae Infection | C. pneumoniae infection | CDC",null,"Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"UKHSA - Managing healthcare staff with symptoms of a respiratory infection or a positive COVID-19 test result","Chlamydophila pneumoniae infection"]
["Clostridioides difficile","Clostridioides difficile infection","No","Yes","Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) is a spore-forming, toxin-producing, anaerobe that can be part of the normal intestinal flora but can also cause a diarrhoeal illness in some individuals. C. difficile is found in faeces of approximately 3% of healthy adults, 66% of healthy infants, 7% of asymptomatic care-home residents, and 20% of elderly patients on long-term wards without causing symptoms of disease - asymptomatic carriage. \nClinical infection occurs when the normal flora of the gut is disturbed enabling C. difficile to grow and produce toxins. \nIt is the most important cause of infective healthcare-associated diarrhoea in developed countries. \nClinical diagnosis of C. difficile infection may overestimate cases, because antibiotic associated diarrhoea occurs in the presence or absence of the bacterium. Diagnostic tests can distinguish between carriers of strains with toxigenic potential from those with a diarrhoeal disease associated with toxin production. \n\nAlthough not notifiable, reporting of C. difficile infection is mandatory as part of the UKHSA National Surveillance Scheme.","Symptoms include watery diarrhoea, fever, nausea, and abdominal pain. C. difficile infection may lead to serious complications including pseudomembranous colitis and toxic megacolon.","•\tIndividuals with a history of antibiotic use. \n•\tOlder adults aged ≥65 years. \n•\tIndividuals with underlying health conditions: concurrent illness, alteration of gut motility, proton pump inhibitor use, use of cytotoxic agents, those who are immunocompromised or immunosuppressed.","Contact","Not defined","While symptomatic and typically until 48 hours after cessation of symptoms. Some individuals will continue to shed spores once no longer symptomatic.","Whilst symptomatic and until at least 48 hours after cessation of symptoms","Refer to occupational health and local policy for further guidance.","UKHSA - Clostridioides difficile: guidance, data and analysis","ECDC – Clostridioides difficile infections",null,"Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Government/publications/clostridium-difficile-infection-how-to-deal-with-the-problem"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"UKHSA (Public Health England) - Gastrointestinal infections: guidance for public health management "]
["Clostridium tetani"," Tetanus","Yes (Notifiable ID), Yes (Causative agent)","No","Tetanus is a vaccine-preventable disease resulting from production of a neurotoxin from infection with Clostridium tetani. C. tetani is a common environmental bacterium that forms spores that are highly resistant to extreme hot and cold temperatures. The bacterium is present in soil and manure and usually enters the body through a wound, burn, puncture or scratch. It is also seen in neonates with umbilical stump infections. \nTetanus is not spread from person to person. \nTetanus can be associated with high case-fatality rates, particularly in infants or the elderly, Immunisation against tetanus is the most effective method of prevention and is included as part of the UK childhood immunisation schedule, ","There are three forms of tetanus (generalised, localised, and cephalic): \n•\tGeneralised tetanus is the most common presentation and is characterised by lockjaw, tonic muscle contractions and spasms. Tonic contractions and spasms may lead to dysphagia (trouble swallowing), opisthotonus (spasm of the muscles causing backwards arching of the head, neck and spine), and a rigid abdomen; in severe cases, it may cause respiratory distress. \n•\tLocalised tetanus is characterised by rigidity and spasms confined to the area around the site of the infection and may be more common in partially immunised individuals. Localised symptoms can continue for weeks or may develop into generalised tetanus. \n•\tCephalic tetanus is localised tetanus which occurs after a head or neck injury, involving the muscles supplied by the cranial nerves. This may present with cranial nerve palsies rather than spasm and may also progress to generalised tetanus.","•\tIndividuals who are unvaccinated\n•\tIndividuals who inject drugs ","Contact","Ranging between 3 and 21 days (but can range from 1 day to several months).","No person-to-person transmission","No exclusion from work, school or childcare settings","Refer to occupational health and local policy for further guidance.","Tetanus: the green book, chapter 30","Disease factsheet about tetanus",null,"Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Tetanus: advice for health professionals"]
["Coronavirus","Coronavirus infection (non-MERS, non-SARS, non-COVID-19)","No","Yes","Common human Coronaviruses primarily infect the upper respiratory and gastrointestinal tract and are believed to cause a significant proportion of common colds in human adults. Occasionally, coronaviruses can cause more significant lower respiratory tract infections in humans with pneumonia; this is more likely in immunocompromised individuals, people with cardiopulmonary illnesses, as well as elderly people and young children.","The main symptoms include rhinitis, a sore throat and a cough. ","•\tIndividuals with underlying health conditions: congenital heart disease, chronic heart and respiratory disease, endocrine disorders such as obesity and diabetes, those who are immunocompromised or immunosuppressed.\n•\tOlder adults aged ≥65 years (especially those residing in care homes).","Droplet / Airborne","Not defined","Limited data are available on the duration of respiratory and extrapulmonary shedding of coronavirus, although it has been reported up to 32 days after onset of symptoms.","No exclusion from work, school or childcare settings","Refer to occupational health and local policy for further guidance.","Nil","Nil",null,"Back "]
[null,"Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)","Yes (Notifiable ID), Yes (Causative agent)","Yes (high consequence infectious diseases (HCIDs))","SARS is an airborne viral respiratory disease caused by SARS-Coronavirus 1 (SARS-CoV-1). It emerged in Asia in 2003 and is classed as a high consequence infectious disease (HCID). No confirmed or suspected human cases have been reported since 2004. It causes severe viral respiratory disease.","SARS infection can result in malaise, myalgia and fever followed by respiratory symptoms, shortness of breath and a cough that may be accompanied by, or progress to, hypoxemia sometimes requiring ventilation.","•\tIndividuals aged between 25 and 70 years, although cases in individuals <15 years have been reported. The disease was less severe in children than adults, with the case fatality risk increasing steeply in older persons (aged over 60 years) to over 50%. ","Droplet / Airborne","Up to 10 days, typically ranging between 2 and 7 days.","Virus shedding continues for a prolonged period after infection, particularly in stool and urine, for more than 50 days in some instances. It is unclear how long cases remain infectious; however, cases are most infectious in the second week after symptom onset and are probably most infectious when they have symptoms.","Case by case basis","Case by case basis","NHS England » Addendum on high consequence infectious disease (HCID) personal protective equipment (PPE)","Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"High consequence infectious diseases (HCID) - GOV.UK"]
[null,"COVID-19 (SARS Cov-2)","Yes (Notifiable ID)","Yes","This coronavirus emerged in 2019. In February 2020 it was formally named as SARS-CoV-2 and the associated disease COVID-19. The scientific consensus is that SARS-CoV-2 is zoonotic in origin, however, the source of the original outbreak is yet to be determined. As of 19 March 2020, COVID-19 was no longer considered to be a high consequence infectious disease (HCID) in the UK. ","The main symptoms of COVID-19 include fever, a new and continuous cough, anosmia (loss of smell) and ageusia (loss of taste). Examples of other symptoms include shortness of breath, fatigue, loss of appetite, myalgia, sore throat, headache, rhinitis, diarrhoea, nausea, and vomiting. Atypical symptoms, such as delirium and reduced mobility, can present in older and immunocompromised individuals, often in the absence of a fever. It is likely that individuals who are infected with SARS-CoV-2 and who are asymptomatic can still transmit virus to others.","•\tIndividuals with underlying health conditions: congenital heart disease, chronic heart and respiratory disease, endocrine disorders such as obesity and diabetes, those who are immunocompromised or immunosuppressed.\n•\tOlder adults aged ≥65 years (especially those residing in care homes).","Droplet / Airborne","Ranging between 5 and 14 days ","3 days before symptom onset to 5 days after symptom onset. \nSeverely immunocompromised patients can remain infectious for extended periods of time, with or without symptoms.","Most individuals are no longer infectious after 5 days. ","Refer to occupational health and local policy for further guidance.","Investigation and management of suspected SARS-CoV-2 reinfections: a guide for clinicians and infection specialists","XBB1.5 rapid risk assessment (January 2023)"]
[]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"National guidance for the management of children in hospital with viral respiratory tract infections (2023) | RCPCH"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Overview | COVID-19 rapid guideline: managing COVID-19 | Guidance | NICE","Threat Assessment Brief: Implications for the EU/EEA of the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron XBB.1.5 sub-lineage (europa.eu)"]
[]
[null,"Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV)","Yes (Notifiable ID), Yes (Causative agent)","Yes (high consequence infectious diseases (HCIDs))","MERS-CoV is a viral respiratory disease caused by Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS‐CoV). It emerged in the Middle East and is classed as a high consequence infectious disease (HCID). It causes a severe viral respiratory disease. The camel is the main host species for the virus and those in contact with camels or camel products may also be at risk of contracting the disease.","Symptoms include fever, cough and shortness of breath that can progress to severe pneumonia, sometimes requiring mechanical ventilation. Gastrointestinal symptoms, including diarrhoea, have also been reported.","•\tThose at risk in the UK of contracting MERS-CoV include travellers to the Arabian Peninsula, especially those visiting the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia where most cases have been observed to date, those who have been in contact with camels or consumed camel products.\n•\tIndividuals with underlying health conditions: congenital heart disease, chronic heart and respiratory disease, endocrine disorders such as obesity and diabetes, those who are immunocompromised or immunosuppressed.","Contact / Droplet","Ranging between 2 and 14 days.","Limited data are available on the duration of respiratory and extrapulmonary shedding of MERS-CoV, although it has been reported up to 34 days after onset of symptoms.","Case by case basis","Case by case basis","MERS-CoV: public health investigation and management of possible cases","Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"https://www.gov.uk/guidance/high-consequence-infectious-diseases-hcid"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"NHS England » Addendum on high consequence infectious disease (HCID) personal protective equipment (PPE)"]
["Corynebacterium diphtheriae see Diphtheria ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back "]
["Corynebacterium ulcerans see Diphtheria",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back "]
["COVID-19  see Coronavirus ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back "]
["Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) See Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back "]
["Cryptococcus spp.","Cryptococcosis","No","No","Cryptococcus spp. are yeasts commonly found in soil, decaying wood, and bird droppings. The most common Cryptococcus spp. that can cause disease in humans are C. neoformans and C. gattii (formerly C. neoformans var. gattii). Both species are found worldwide, although C. neoformans is far more prevalent. The lungs and the central nervous system are the most common infection sites; however, any part of the body can be affected including the skin and eyes. C. gattii was previously confined mainly to tropical and subtropical regions but has recently emerged in temperate regions including Europe. Occasionally it can cause disease in healthy individuals. C. neoformans rarely infects healthy people. Transmission from person to person is very rare.","The lungs and the central nervous system are the most common infection sites, resulting in pneumonia and cryptococcal meningitis, however any part of the body can be affected including the skin and eyes.","•\tIndividuals with underlying health conditions: those who are immunocompromised or immunosuppressed.","Airborne","Varies widely from days to months."," No person-to-person transmission","No exclusion from work, school or childcare settings","Refer to occupational health and local policy for further guidance.","Nil","Cryptococcosis| Cryptococcosis | CDC",null,"Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"CDC - C. gattii Infection Risk and Prevention"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"WHO - Guidelines for diagnosing, preventing and managing cryptococcal disease among adults, adolescents and children living with HIV"]
["Cryptosporidium","Cryptosporidiosis","Yes (Causative agent), Yes (Notfiable ID) (if related to food poisoning)","Yes (diarrhoea and/or vomiting)","Cryptosporidium spp. are intracellular protozoan parasites, with the species C. parvum and C. hominis causing most cases of disease in humans, which is called cryptosporidiosis. The usual reservoir is the gastrointestinal tracts of humans (C. parvum and C. hominis) and animals (C. parvum). Asymptomatic carriage has been documented in humans and animals. The parasite is transmitted via microscopic oocysts shed in faeces. When ingested, sporozoites released from the oocysts, invade the cells lining the small intestine and result in infection. Infections usually affect the gastrointestinal (GI) system. Respiratory infections are rare in the UK.\n\nApproximately, 40 percent of laboratory confirmed cases occur in children under 5 years of age. Most cases are acquired within the UK; approximately 20 percent report recent foreign travel. \n \nOutbreaks have been associated with public and private water supplies, swimming pools and, more rarely, contaminated food. Seasonal outbreaks are associated with farm visits to feed and handle animals, especially lambs and calves. ","Symptoms may include watery diarrhoea, low-grade fever, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. Can cause fever, cough, and shortness of breath. \n\nComplications may be severe and life threatening, and may include pancreatitis, sclerosing cholangitis and biliary cirrhosis (rare) or pneumoretroperitoneum/ pneumomediastinum (very rare).\n\nLong-term health effects may occur, including continued gastrointestinal upset.","•\tImmunocompromised and immunosuppressed individuals, especially those with profound T cell immunodeficiency\n•\t Young children ≤ 5 years\n•\tChildcare workers\n•\tIndividuals who work with or are in close contact with animals or contaminated animal products. \n•\tIndividuals who drink untreated water, for example freshwater swimmers and travellers to countries with a shortage of access to adequate sanitation and hygiene","Contact (faecal / oral)","Ranging between 3 and 12 days; rarely up to 28 days","From symptom onset and up to 2 weeks after cessation of symptoms.","Until 48 hours after cessation of symptoms","Until 48 hours after cessation of symptoms. Refer to occupational health and local policy for further guidance.","UKHSA (Public Health England) – Cryptosporidiosis: guidance, data and analysis ","Nil",null,"Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"UKHSA (Public Health England) – Gastrointestinal infections: guidance for public health management"]
[]
["Diphtheria","Diphtheria - Pharyngeal","Yes (Notifiable ID), Yes (Causative Agent)","No","Diphtheria is a bacterial disease caused by toxin producing (toxigenic) strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae, C. ulcerans or C. pseudotuberculosis. Most complications of diphtheria are attributable to the effects of the toxin produced by the bacteria during infection. \n\nDepending on the tissues involved there are two main types of clinical diphtheria: pharyngeal (infection of the upper respiratory tract) and cutaneous (infection of the skin).\n\nPharyngeal (or respiratory) diphtheria mainly affects the pharynx and the tonsils. \n\nCutaneous diphtheria usually affects the skin on legs, hands and feet.\n\nRare reports of stoma-associated infection have been reported in the literature. \n\nDiphtheria is a vaccine preventable disease and is part of the routine childhood immunisation schedule. However, the epidemiology of C. ulcerans is changing. A predominance of cases in individuals over 65 years and an association with domestic pet exposure have been observed in the UK, raising questions about waning routine vaccination immunity and zoonotic related risk. Cases of toxigenic C. ulcerans are now also regularly reported in animals without an associated human case. ","Respiratory diphtheria has a gradual onset of malaise, sore throat, swollen cervical lymph nodes and fever. Though not always present, the most characteristic feature is a membranous pharyngitis, sometimes called pseudomembrane pharyngitis, which can cause respiratory obstruction. Late complications include toxin-induced myocarditis and peripheral neuritis, which can lead to paralysis, cardiac failure, and death.","•\tIndividuals who are unvaccinated\n•\tOlder adults aged ≥65 years\n•\tThose at risk in the UK of contracting diphtheria include travellers to endemic countries including Asia, Africa, Oceania and South America.","Contact / Droplet","Ranging between 1 and 10 days, typically between 2 and 5 days.","Ranging between 2 and 4 weeks after onset of symptoms, chronic carriers may shed bacteria for up to 6 months.","Patient and family contacts must be excluded until cleared to return to daily interaction with the general public, work colleagues, and/or fellow pupils by local HPT.","Exclude until microbiological clearance has been achieved.\nRefer to occupational health and local policy for further guidance.","Diphtheria: the green book, chapter 15","Increase of reported diphtheria cases among migrants in Europe due to Corynebacterium diphtheriae, 2022 (europa.eu)",null,"Back "]
[null,"Diphtheria - Cutaneous","Yes (Notifiable ID), Yes (Causative Agent)","No",null,"Pus-filled vesicles develop and eventually form into large ulcers surrounded by a red patch of discoloured skin. Ulcers usually heal within two to three months.",null,"Contact",null,null,null,null,"Diphtheria: public health control and management in England - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Diphtheria: guidance, data and analysis - GOV.UK"]
["Ebola See Viral Haemorrhagic Fever",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back"]
["Enterovirus D68","Acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) ","Yes (Notifiable ID)","Yes (respiratory infection)","Enterovirus D-68 (EV-D68) is one of more than 100 non-polio enteroviruses and belongs to the Picornaviridae family of viruses. \nEV-D68 can cause mild to severe respiratory illness. In addition, EV-D68 has been associated with neurological presentations such as aseptic meningitis (negative culture following cerebral spinal fluid test), acute flaccid myelitis (AFM), and potentially Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults.","Symptoms may include rhinitis, cough and myalgia, and in severe cases wheezing and difficulty breathing, resulting in hospitalisation. ","•\tChildren aged ≤ 5 years.\n•\tAdolescents.\n•\tIndividuals who are immunocompromised or immunosuppressed.","Contact / Droplet","Ranging between 3 and 5 days.","While symptomatic","While symptomatic and 48 hours after cessation of symptoms including fever.","Refer to occupational health and local policy for further guidance.","UKHSA - Enterovirus infections","CDC - Enterovirus D68 for Health Care Professionals",null,"Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"UKHSA - Enterovirus D-68: risk assessment "]
[null,"Severe respiratory illness","No","Yes (respiratory infection)",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Enterovirus"]
["Escherichia coli O157 (STEC)","Escherichia coli Gastroenteritis","Yes (Notifiable ID), Yes (Causative agent)","Yes","Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), also known as Vero cytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC), are a group of bacteria that cause infectious gastroenteritis. The most frequently reported STEC strain to cause illness in England and Wales is E. coli O157:H7 (more than 90% of cases). Aside from E. coli 0157:H7, there are several non-0157 STEC strains that can cause foodborne illness, including STEC 026, 045, 0103, O111, O121 and O145.\n\nThe main reservoirs for STEC are cattle and other ruminants. Most cases contract infection through consumption of contaminated food or water. STEC can also spread via direct or indirect contact with animals and their environment, or via person-to-person contact. STEC infection is a relatively rare cause of gastrointestinal illness, however due to the low infectious dose of STEC once in the population it is easily spread from person-to-person.\n\nUp to 10% of STEC cases (mainly children under 5 years) can develop the complication of haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS), a serious and life-threatening condition characterised by microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute kidney injury.\n\nA small proportion of adults may develop a similar condition called thrombotic thrombocytopaenia purpura (TTP).","Symptoms may include mild gastroenteritis to severe bloody diarrhoea, and can cause microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute kidney injury.","•\tChildren aged ≤ 5 years.\n•\tOlder adults aged ≥65 years\n•\tIndividuals with underlying health conditions: those who are immunocompromised or immunosuppressed","Contact (faecal / oral)","Ranging between 1 and 10 days, typically between 2 and 4 days.","Individuals are typically infectious for between 7 and 10 days.","While symptomatic and 48 hours after cessation of symptoms","While symptomatic and 48 hours after cessation of symptoms and until microbiologically clear.\nRefer to occupational health and local policy for further guidance.","UKHSA: Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli: guidance, data and analysis","Nil ",null,"Back "]
[null,"Haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS)",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"UKHSA (Public Health England), Chartered Institute of Environmental Health, Food Standards Agency: Gastrointestinal infections: guidance for public health management"]
[null,"Thrombotic thrombocytopaenia purpura"]
["Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)","Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) bacterium infection or colonisation","No","Yes","Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) are enzymes produced by bacteria which confer resistance to a variety of beta-lactam antibiotics, such as penicillins and cephalosporins.\n\nEscherichia coli (E. coli) and Klebsiella species are the two bacteria most often associated with ESBL enzyme production, but they can be found in a wide range of bacteria (occurring most frequently in members of the Enterobacterales). These bacteria often colonise individuals prior to causing infection, such as urinary tract infections, pneumonia and bacteraemia. \n\nThe genes encoding the ESBL enzymes are often associated with genes encoding resistance to other antibiotic classes and together can be transferred on plasmids between bacterial species making infections difficult to treat","Can cause infection, such as urinary tract infections, pneumonia and bacteraemia. ","•\tIndividuals with previous exposure to antibiotics\n•\tIndividuals with previous contact with healthcare setting","Contact (faecal / oral)","Undefined","While colonised or infected","No exclusion from work, school or childcare settings","Refer to occupational health and local policy for further guidance.","Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs): guidance, data, analysis","European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) – Guideline for the detection of resistance mechanisms and specific resistances of clinical and/or epidemiological importance",null,"Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Healthcare Infection Society - Prevention and control of multi-drug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria: recommendations from a Joint Working Party"]
[]
["German measles see Rubella",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back"]
["Giardia lamblia ","Giardiasis, Giardia","Yes (Causative agent), Yes (Notfiable ID) (if related to food poisoning)","No","Giardiasis is the disease caused by the protozoan parasite Giardia lamblia (also known as Giardia intestinalis and Giardia duodenalis), which can grow in the intestines of infected humans or animals. Infection in humans usually occurs by ingestion of Giardia spp. cysts which can survive for months in cold water. Therefore, contaminated surface waters in the environment can act as reservoirs for the parasite. \n","Infection can be asymptomatic, particularly in children.                                                                                                     Symptoms of Giardia infection last, on average between 1 and 3 weeks and include diarrhoea, flatulence, bloating, abdominal pain, malaise, nausea and vomiting. Can cause weight loss and foul-smelling, greasy, floating stools in chronic infection.","•\tInfants and children aged ≤ 5 years in childcare settings\n•\tIndividuals who drink untreated water, for example freshwater swimmers and travellers to countries with a shortage of access to adequate sanitation and hygiene","Contact (faecal / oral)","Ranging between 5 and 16 days (median 7 to 10 days); extremes of 1 to 29 days reported.","Whilst symptomatic and for up to 2 weeks after cessation of symptoms.","While symptomatic and 48 hours after cessation of symptoms","Whilst symptomatic and 48 hours after cessation of symptoms. Refer to occupational health and local policy for further guidance.","UKHSA (Public Health England) - Giardia: guidance and data","Nil",null,"Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"UKHSA (Public Health England), Chartered Institute of Environmental Health, Food Standards Agency - Gastrointestinal infections: guidance for public health management"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"NHS: Giardiasis"]
["Group A Streptococcus (including iGAS)","Respiratory","No","Yes","Group A Streptococcus (GAS; Streptococcus pyogenes) is a bacterium which can colonise the throat, skin and anogenital tract. \nIn most cases GAS causes non-invasive infections such as pharyngitis (strep throat), tonsillitis, impetigo and scarlet fever. Occasionally it can lead to severe life-threatening disease, including pneumonia, necrotising fasciitis and septicaemia.\nInvasive GAS (iGAS) is an infection where the bacteria are isolated from a normally sterile body site, such as the blood. It may also include GAS infections where GAS has been isolated from a non-sterile site in combination with a severe presentation. Any GAS manifestation can be associated with development of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS), although individuals with necrotising fasciitis are at highest risk.\nThe prevalence of pharyngeal carriage has been estimated to range between 5 and 30% of the UK general population. In children aged 3 and younger respiratory disease caused by GAS rarely manifests as acute pharyngitis, but rather as mucopurulent rhinitis followed by fever, irritability, and anorexia (called “streptococcal fever” or “streptococcosis”). In contrast to typical acute group A strep pharyngitis, this presentation in young children is subacute and high fever is rare.\nGAS infections occur throughout the year but common manifestations such as scarlet fever and strep throat, as well as invasive disease, have a seasonal pattern with highest incidence between December and May, typically peaking in March and April. ","Early symptoms of scarlet fever can be non-specific with sore throat, headache and fever. Within 24 to 48 hours, a rash can develop, typically first appearing on the chest and stomach, rapidly spreading to other parts of the body, giving the skin a sandpaper-like texture.\nIndividuals may go on to develop post-streptococcal complications, including throat abscess, otitis media, pneumonia and cellulitis and in rare instances, rheumatic fever, and glomerulonephritis.\nThe early symptoms of invasive disease can include a high fever, severe severe myalgia or localised muscle tenderness.","•\tolder adults > 75 (including those residing in care homes)\n•\tIndividuals with underlying health conditions: congenital heart disease, chronic heart and respiratory disease, endocrine disorders such as obesity and diabetes, those who are immunocompromised or immunosuppressed","Droplet","Ranging between 2 and 5 days","While symptomatic and until 24 hours after appropriate antibiotic therapy commenced. ","Impetigo: Until lesions are crusted or healed or 48 hours after commencing appropriate antibiotics.                                                  Scarlet fever: 24 hours after commencing appropriate antibiotics. Without treatment individuals are infectious for 1 to 2 weeks after symptoms appear.","Until 24 hours of appropriate treatment and resolution of symptoms has occurred.                                                                                    Refer to occupational health and local policy for further guidance.                                           Outbreak context – case by case basis. ","Nil","Nil",null,"Back "]
[null,"Bacteraemia, Meningitis","Yes (Notifiable ID), Yes (Causative agent)","Yes",null,null,"•\tperinatal women (from 37 weeks of pregnancy up to 28 days of giving birth), \n•\tneonates up to 28 days old, \n•\tolder adults > 75 (including those residing in care homes)\n•\tIndividuals with underlying health conditions: congenital heart disease, chronic heart and respiratory disease, endocrine disorders such as obesity and diabetes, those who are immunocompromised or immunosuppressed\n•\tindividuals in receipt of wound care, \n•\tindividuals experiencing homelessness or \n•\tindividuals who inject drugs ","Contact",null,null,null,null,"Guidelines for prevention and control of Group A streptococcal infection in acute healthcare and maternity settings in the UK.","Nil"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Invasive group A streptococcal disease: managing close contacts in community settings"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Group A streptococcal infections: guidance and data"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Group A streptococcal Disease - information for people in prison"]
[null,"Scarlet Fever","Yes (Notifiable ID), Yes (Causative agent)","Yes",null,null,"Individuals aged 2–8 years (median age 4 years).","Droplet",null,null,null,null,"Scarlet fever symptoms diagnosis and treatment","Nil"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Guidelines for the public health management of scarlet fever outbreaks in schools, nurseries and other childcare settings"]
["Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) (including invasive disease)","Epiglottitis ","Yes (Causative agent)","No","Haemophilus influenzae is a gram-negative anaerobic bacterium. Serotype b (Hib) is the most common and pathogenic. Despite its name, this disease is not the same as influenza (the flu). Hib may cause invasive disease, the most common being meningitis, epiglottitis, bacteraemia and pneumonia. Less common presentations include septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, cellulitis and pericarditis. Hib can also be carried asymptomatically.\nThere is a vaccine available against Hib which is part of the childhood immunisation schedule in the UK. In countries that include a routine vaccine, rates of severe Hib infections have decreased by more than 90%. Neonates can acquire infection by aspiration of amniotic fluid or contact with genital tract secretions containing the bacteria. ","H. influenzae epiglottitis is a life-threatening medical emergency. The infection causes the inflammation of the epiglottis and surrounding tissues leading to obstruction of the airway. Signs and symptoms include high fever, tachypnoea, stridor and excessive drooling. Intubation and tracheotomy may be required to prevent respiratory arrest and death.","•\tChildren aged ≤ 5 years.\n•\tOlder adults aged ≥65 years. \n•\tImmunocompromised and immunosuppressed individuals, including those with sickle cell disease. \n•\tIndividuals who have had close contact with someone infected with Hib. ","Droplet","The incubation period is unknown; however, susceptible individuals usually develop disease within 7 days of exposure to Hib.","Carriers are infectious as long as organisms are present in the nasopharynx, which may be for a prolonged period even without nasal discharge.","Until 24 hours after appropriate antibiotic therapy commenced.","Until 24 hours after appropriate antibiotic therapy commenced.\nRefer to occupational health and local policy for further guidance.\n","Nil","Nil",null,"Back "]
[null,"Meningitis",null,null,null,"H. influenzae bacteraemia can occur with or without pneumonia or meningitis. Symptoms of bacterial pneumonia can include fever, difficulty breathing, shortness of breath, fatigue, abdominal pain and confusion. \nSymptoms of bacterial meningitis include fever, headache, neck stiffness, vomiting, photophobia (aversion to bright light) and confusion. It is a serious condition that can be fatal (in approximately 5% of cases) and may cause long term complications including deafness, seizures and intellectual impairment. ",null,null,null,null,null,null,"Haemophilus influenzae: guidance, data and analysis","Factsheet about Invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease (ECDC)"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib): revised recommendations for the prevention of secondary cases"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib): the green book, chapter 16"]
["Hantavirus ","Haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS)","Yes (Causative agent)","Yes (high consequence infectious diseases (HCIDs))","Hantavirus is a zoonotic infection caused by a group of viruses carried mainly by species of rodents such as rats, mice and voles. Vectors become infected early in life and can shed the virus over prolonged periods although they rarely show signs of disease. The virus is spread to humans when virus particles in the urine, faeces or saliva of infected rodents become aerosolised and are inhaled. Most Hantaviruses do not spread easily between individuals and there is a very low risk of transmission to the general population. Andes virus (South American) is the only hantavirus known to spread between people. Human hantavirus infections in the UK are very rare. There is no antiviral treatment.","Infection in humans can range from a mild flu-like illness to severe respiratory illness or haemorrhagic disease with kidney involvement. Hantaviruses cause two types of serious infection in humans: haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), seen in Europe and Asia, and as hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) seen in North and South America. Symptoms of HFRS include fever, headache, nausea, vomiting and kidney failure.","•\tIndividuals who work with or are in close contact with rodents or contaminated rodent products. ","Contact","Ranging between 2 and 56 days, typically between 14 and 28 days.","Person to person spread is rare","Case by case basis","Case by case basis","Hantavirus: The characteristics, diagnosis, epidemiology of hantaviruses","CDC - Hantavirus",null,"Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"https://www.hse.gov.uk/agriculture/assets/docs/hantavirus-disease.pdf","Facts about hantavirus"]
[null,"Andes virus infection",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Andes Hantavirus"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Gov.uk/guidance/high-consequence-infectious-diseases-hcid"]
[null,"Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS)",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"HAIRS risk assessment: hantavirus - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"National-infection-prevention-and-control-manual-nipcm-for-england/addendum-on-hcid-ppe/"]
["Hepatitis A Virus (HAV)","Hepatitis A \nGastroenteritis","Yes (Notifiable ID), Yes (Causative Agent)","Yes (diarrhoea and/or vomiting)","Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) is a virus that causes inflammation of the liver. High-income countries, like the UK, have very low hepatitis A endemicity. A seasonal peak in autumn has been reported in literature. Infection during pregnancy is associated with maternal complications.  Those infected may be asymptomatic, especially children.","Symptoms can last 1 to 2 weeks in the case of mild disease and up to a year in the case of severe disease. Infection confers lifelong immunity. \n\nThe clinical features are greatly influenced by age and those with chronic liver disease are at increased risk of severe disease. Symptoms can range in severity from the prodromal phase with non-specific flu-like and gastrointestinal symptoms (anorexia, nausea and vomiting), through to the icteric phase with liver inflammation, jaundice, dark urine and pale stools. In rare cases it can cause fulminant hepatitis and liver failure.","\n•\tIndividuals in contact with a case of HAV, such as household contacts and nursery contacts.\n•\tIndividuals with chronic liver disease\n•\tTravellers to high prevalence areas (most of Asia, Africa and South America)\n•\tmen who have sex with men\n•\tIndividuals who inject drugs\n•\tIndividuals with haemophilia\n•\tStaff and residents of some large residential institutions\n•\tindividuals who work with or are in close contact with human or animal faecal matter","Contact (faecal / oral)","Between 15 and 50 days (average of 28 to 30 days)","Ranging between 2 weeks before onset of symptoms and 7 days after the onset of jaundice.","\nRanging between 15 and 50 days (mean of 28 to 30 days)","Refer to occupational health and local policy for further guidance.","UKHSA (Public Health England) - Hepatitis A infection: prevention and control guidance","CDC - Hepatitis A",null,"Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"UKHSA (Public Health England), Chartered Institute of Environmental Health, Food Standards Agency – Gastrointestinal infections: guidance for public health management"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"UKHSA - Hepatitis A: The green book, chapter 17","WHO - Hepatitis A"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"UKHSA – Immunisation of healthcare and laboratory staff: the green book, chapter 12 "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"UKHSA - Hepatitis A immunoglobulin "]
["Hepatitis B virus (HBV)","Hepatitis B Virus Infection","Yes (Notifiable ID), Yes (Causative Agent)","Yes","Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) is a virus that can cause acute and chronic infection and affects the liver. It is transmitted through exposure to blood or other body fluids from an infected person. In low prevalence countries, including the UK, the most likely route of exposure is from parenteral exposure to infected blood or body fluids, such as from sharing injecting drug equipment, tattooing and body piercing, or occupational exposure when undertaking exposure prone procedures.\n\n\nThe initial acute infection may be asymptomatic but can cause acute viral hepatitis (inflammation of the liver) with symptoms which last for several weeks. Most individuals recover from this illness, but a few go on to develop fulminant hepatic failure. \nChronic HBV infection is more likely to develop if the infection is acquired perinatally (around 90%) or in childhood (20 to 50% of 1- to 5-year-olds). Around 5% of adults will develop chronic HBV infection if the infection is acquired in adulthood. During chronic infection many people have no symptoms but will remain persistently infected and infectious to others.\n\nChronic HBV infection may lead to liver cirrhosis. It also increases the risk of the individual developing hepatocellular carcinoma. \nPeople who have cleared HBV have natural immunity to the virus. If they become severely immunocompromised later in life, they may have re-activation of their HBV infection. ","Nausea, vomiting, fever, jaundice, dark urine and grey stools","•\tImmunocompromised and immunosuppressed individuals\n•\tIndividuals who inject drugs \n•\tIndividuals with multiple sex partners, bisexual and other men who have sex with men\n•\tIndividuals at risk for occupational exposure to blood/ body fluids while undertaking exposure prone procedures","Contact (blood and / or body fluids)","Ranging between 40 and 160 days (typically between 60 and 90 days)","During active infection or if chronically infected (whilst HBV DNA remains present in blood).","Case by case basis","Refer to occupational health and local policy for further guidance.","Hepatitis B: the green book, chapter 18","https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis-b/about/index.html",null,"Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Managing specific infectious diseases: A to Z - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"WHO - Hepatitis B"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Gov.uk/government/publications/bbvs-in-healthcare-workers-health-clearance-and-management"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Hepatitis B: guidance, data and analysis"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Hepatitis B (chronic): diagnosis and management"]
["Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)","Hepatitis C Virus Infection","Yes (Notifiable ID), Yes (Causative Agent)","Yes","Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a bloodborne virus that can infect and damage the liver. Most individuals with chronic HCV infection are asymptomatic\n\nAcute HCV infection is often asymptomatic though it may cause a range of vague symptoms. In rare instances, patients may develop acute liver failure. Liver enzymes may be elevated, but jaundice is uncommon. \n\nFollowing infection, 20 to 25% cases will clear the virus within 6 months. Approximately 80% will go on to develop chronic HCV infection which may lead to cirrhosis of the liver or hepatocellular carcinoma over a prolonged period.","Decreased appetite, fatigue, nausea, myalgia and weight loss","•\tIndividuals who inject drugs\n•\tIndividuals with multiple sex partners, bisexual and other men who have sex with men\n•\tIndividuals at risk for occupational exposure to blood/ body fluids while undertaking exposure prone procedures\n•\tInfants born to HCV infected mothers\n•\tIndividuals who have received blood transfusion or blood products before 1991 or organ transplant before 1992 have a small risk of infection","Contact (blood and / or body fluids)","Ranging between 2 and 26 weeks.","Individuals are typically infectious from 1 week before onset of symptoms and during the acute clinical stage of HCV infection.","Case by case basis","Refer to occupational health and local policy for further guidance.","UKHSA – BBVs in healthcare workers: health clearance and management ","Hepatitis C",null,"Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Hepatitis C: guidance, data and analysis"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Hepatitis C: patient re-engagement exercise"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Hepatitis C | Health topics A to Z | CKS | NICE","Hepatitis C Basics | Hepatitis C | CDC"]
["Hepatitis D Virus (HDV)","Hepatitis D Virus (HDV)","Yes (Notifiable ID), Yes (Causative Agent)","No","Hepatitis D virus (HDV), also known as hepatitis delta virus, is a virus that can cause inflammation of the liver. It requires hepatitis B virus (HBV) for its replication. Hepatitis D infection cannot occur in the absence of HBV and only infects individuals during the antigen‐positive stages of acute HBV or long‐term HBsAg carriers. Globally, it affects nearly 5% of individuals who have a chronic infection with HBV.\n\nIndividuals can become infected with both hepatitis B and hepatitis D viruses at the same time (known as coinfection) or get hepatitis D after first being infected with the hepatitis B virus (known as superinfection). \n\nSymptoms of HDV infection are indistinguishable from those of other types of hepatitis. \n\nHDV-HBV co-infection or superinfection leads more often to fulminant hepatitis compared to HBV infection alone. It is considered the most severe form of chronic viral hepatitis due to more rapid progression towards hepatocellular carcinoma and liver-related death.\n\nVaccination against hepatitis B, or in some scenarios use of hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG), is the only method to prevent HDV infection.\n\nTherapies to reduce HDV RNA level are available, although these are rarely curative ","Fever, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, dark urine, pale stools, jaundice","•\tIndividuals infected with Hepatitis B\n•\tIndividuals who inject drugs\n•\tIndividuals with multiple sex partners, bisexual and other men who have sex with men\n•\tIndividuals at risk for occupational exposure to blood/ body fluids while undertaking exposure prone procedures\n•\tIndividuals on haemodialysis","Contact (blood and / or body fluids)","Ranging between 14 and 160 days (mean 90 days). ","During active infection (whilst HDV DNA remains present in blood).","No exclusion from work, school or childcare settings","Refer to occupational health and local policy for further guidance.","Nil ","Hepatitis D",null,"Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Hepatitis D"]
["Hepatitis E Virus (HEV)","Hepatitis E Virus (HEV)","Yes (Notifiable ID), Yes (Causative Agent)","Yes (diarrhoea and/or vomiting)","Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) is a virus that affects the liver which can infect animals as well as humans. \n\nHEV infection usually produces a mild disease. Hepatitis E is found worldwide, but is most common in sub-Saharan Africa and east and south Asia.\nInfection will normally clear by itself within 1 to 4 weeks. Chronic infection of the liver, lasting over 3 months has been reported in patients with a suppressed immune system.","Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice), darkening of the urine and pale stools. Individuals may also experience tiredness, fever, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and loss of appetite.","•\tImmunocompromised and immunosuppressed individuals. \n•\tindividuals who work with or are in close contact with human or animal faecal matter","Contact (faecal / oral)","Ranging between 15 and 60 days (average 40 days)","Unknown","No exclusion from work, school or childcare settings","Refer to occupational health and local policy for further guidance.","UKHSA (Public Health England): Hepatitis E: symptoms, transmission, prevention, treatment","CDC: Hepatitis E",null,"Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Gov.uk/government/publications/protecting-patients-from-getting-hepatitis-e-through-transfusion-or-transplantation"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"UKHSA (Public Health England): Recommendations for the Public Health Management of Gastrointestinal Infections 2019","WHO: Hepatitis E"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"UKHSA (Public Health England): Hepatitis E: health protection response to reports of infection"]
[]
["Hepatitis of unknown aetiology","Acute hepatitis","No","No","An increase in acute hepatitis cases of unknown aetiology in previously healthy children aged under 10 years was reported in the UK in January 2022. Subsequent investigation identified a number of cases in other European countries and worldwide. Cases tested negative for hepatitis A to E infection and adenovirus was the most frequently identified potential pathogen.  In some instances, liver transplantation was required. It has been hypothesised that an unknown co-factor affects young children with an adenovirus infection , which would typically be mild, triggers more severe infection or immune-mediated liver damage. Other aetiologies (including, other infectious or toxic agents) remain under investigation. The complete pathogenesis of the disease is unclear.","Jaundice, vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, nausea, lethargy and fever","Children under 10 years old","Unknown","Unclear","Evidence of human-to-human transmission is unclear","Unknown","Not applicable as infection only occurs in children","Acute hepatitis: technical briefing","Increase in severe acute hepatitis cases of unknown aetiology in children",null,"Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Technical Report: Acute Hepatitis of Unknown Cause | CDC Archive"]
["Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)","Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)","No ","No","The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that damages and causes progressive failure of the immune system. Within the immune system, specifically the CD4-cells (a type of T-cell) are affected.  \nAcute HIV infection, also called seroconversion illness, can occur in individuals living with HIV between 2 and 4 weeks post-exposure. An individual is highly infectious during primary HIV infection.  The non-specific symptoms at this stage mean that primary HIV infection is underdiagnosed. \nProgression of HIV infection can be rapid in some patients, while others may remain asymptomatic for several years. If untreated, advanced HIV infection will cause the number of CD4-cells to be very low (less than 200 cells per microlitre) and opportunistic infections or malignancies may develop. \nPreviously, the development of opportunistic infections associated with advanced HIV was known as Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), but this term is not now widely used in the UK. \nHIV treatment is now extremely effective and most individuals in the UK living with HIV respond to antiretroviral therapy. \nIndividuals receiving treatment with undetectable virus in their blood cannot transmit HIV to others (this is known as U=U: undetectable=untransmissible). There is no vaccine for HIV infection, however there is pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) available which significantly reduces the risk of contracting the virus. The UK is working towards the UN AIDS target of ending HIV transmission in the UK by 2030. In England in 2021, 95% of individuals living with HIV were diagnosed: 99% of those diagnosed were on treatment and 98% of those on treatment were virally suppressed.","Fever, lymphadenopathy, rash and headache","•\tIndividuals with multiple sex partners, bisexual and other men who have sex with men\n•\tIndividuals with current or former partner infected with HIV\n•\tIndividuals who engage in high-risk sexual practices with history of other STDs such as syphilis, chlamydia, and gonorrhoea\n•\tIndividuals with a history of injecting drug use\n•\tIndividuals who have had blood transfusions, transplants or other risk-prone procedures\n•\tIndividuals who are victims of rape\n•\tIndividuals who are from areas with high HIV prevalence","Contact (blood and / or body fluids)","Seroconversion typically occurs between 2 and 4 weeks post exposure.","Case by case basis","No exclusion from work, school or childcare settings","Refer to occupational health and local policy for further guidance.","UKHSA – HIV: annual data tables","Nil",null,"Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"UKHSA - HIV surveillance, data and management"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"UKHSA - Integrated guidance on health clearance of healthcare workers and the management of healthcare workers living with bloodborne viruses (hepatitis B, hepatitis C and HIV)"]
[null,"Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection","No ","Yes",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"UKHSA - HIV Action Plan monitoring and evaluation framework "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"NICE – Clinical Knowledge Summaries: HIV infection and AIDS"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Terrence Higgins Trust – Viral load and being undetectable"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"British HIV Association, British Association for Sexual Health and HIV and British Infection Association - Adult HIV Testing guidelines 2020"]
["Human metapneumovirus","Human metapneumovirus","No ","No","Human metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a virus belonging to the paramyxovirus family along with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). \nInfection can cause upper and lower respiratory disease in people of all ages. Transmission is highest during the winter and early spring.","Symptoms commonly include cough, fever and shortness of breath and are clinically indistinguishable from other viruses causing upper and lower respiratory infections. In more serious cases, symptoms can progress to bronchitis and pneumonia, which can be fatal in individuals who are immunocompromised or immunosuppressed","•\tChildren aged ≤ 5 years.\n•\tOlder adults aged ≥ 65 years.\n•\tIndividuals who are immunocompromised or immunosuppressed.","Contact /Droplet /Airborne","Ranging between 3 and 6 days.","Not defined. hMPV RNA has been found in excretions for up to 2 weeks after initiation of symptoms, but viable contagious virus particles have not been definitively found.","While symptomatic","Refer to occupational health and local policy for further guidance.","Diagnosis and management of respiratory viral infections in patients with haematological malignancy, British Society for Haematology","CDC – Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Healthcare Settings ",null,"Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"National guidance for the management of children in hospital with viral respiratory tract infections (2023) | RCPCH"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"UKHSA-Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV): symptoms, transmission, prevention, treatment "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"UKHSA - Managing healthcare staff with symptoms of a respiratory infection or a positive COVID-19 test result"]
["Influenza - Endemic / Seasonal Influenza (Flu)","Influenza virus A, Influenza virus B and Influenza virus C. ","Yes (Causative Agent)","Yes","Influenza or ‘Flu’ is an acute viral infection affecting the respiratory tract. There are 3 main types that affect humans: Influenza virus A, Influenza virus B and Influenza virus C. \nInfluenza A and B cause most clinical illness and are responsible for seasonal epidemics. The flu season in the UK usually lasts for around 8 to 10 weeks during the winter, but the timing, extent and severity can vary. For most healthy individuals, influenza is a self-limiting illness with resolution within 7 days. An annual vaccination is available to those within these risk groups as well as healthcare workers.","Symptoms include fever, cough, sore throat, rhinitis, headache, myalgia and extreme fatigue. Diarrhoea and vomiting can occur in some cases. For most healthy individuals, influenza is a self-limiting illness with resolution within 7 days. ","•\tChildren aged ≤ 5 years.\n•\tOlder adults aged ≥65 years.\n•\tIndividuals who are unvaccinated.\n•\tIndividuals with underlying health conditions: individuals who are morbidly obese, those with chronic medical conditions (such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and diabetes) and those who are immunocompromised or immunosuppressed.","Contact /Droplet /Airborne","Ranging between 1 and 3 days.","One day before symptom onset until 5 to 7 days after symptom onset.","While symptomatic and until 24 hours after resolution of symptoms.","Refer to occupational health and local policy for further guidance.","Seasonal influenza: guidance, data and analysis","ECDC-Seasonal influenza",null,"Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"UKHSA (Public Health England) - Seasonal influenza: managing cases in critical care units"]
[]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"UKHSA - Influenza: the green book, chapter 19"," WHO-Influenza (Seasonal)"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"UKHSA - Influenza like illness: managing outbreaks in schools"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"National guidance for the management of children in hospital with viral respiratory tract infections (2023) | RCPCH"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"UKHSA - Managing healthcare staff with symptoms of a respiratory infection or a positive COVID-19 test result"]
[]
["Influenza - Pandemic influenza (flu)","Pandemic Influenza -Influenza A","Yes (Notifiable ID), Yes (Causative Agent)","Yes","Pandemic influenza (flu) is a global outbreak of a novel influenza A virus strain. A novel influenza strain often starts as a non-human influenza A virus among animals such as birds and pigs. Rarely, this may cause spill over infections in other mammals and the human population. In some cases, this novel virus can genetically mutate and acquires the ability for sustained human to human transmission. The virus can then spread quickly due to lack of immunity or immediate vaccination to the novel strain.  Flu pandemics are uncommon, but can cause excessive burden on healthcare services, schools and businesses when they do occur. The most recent flu pandemic was the 2009/10 ‘Swine flu’ pandemic which was caused by the influenza A virus strain H1N1.","Symptoms include fever, cough, sore throat, rhinitis, headache, myalgia and extreme fatigue. Diarrhoea and vomiting can occur in some cases. For most healthy individuals, influenza is a self-limiting illness with resolution within 7 days. ","•\tIndividuals who are immunocompromised or immunosuppressed\n•\tIndividuals who are unvaccinated for the strain","Contact /Droplet /Airborne","Ranging between 1 and 3 days.","One day before symptom onset until 5 to 7 days after symptom onset.","While symptomatic and until 24 hours after resolution of symptoms.","Refer to occupational health and local policy for further guidance.","UKHSA: Managing specific infectious diseases: A to Z: influenza","CDC - Pandemic influenza",null,"Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Pandemic flu"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"UKHSA - Managing healthcare staff with symptoms of a respiratory infection or a positive COVID-19 test result"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Health and Safety Executive: Pandemic flu - workplace guidance (HSE)"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"National guidance for the management of children in hospital with viral respiratory tract infections (2023) | RCPCH"]
[]
[]
[]
["Influenza - zoonotic (flu)","Avian influenza","Yes (Causative agent), Yes (Notifiable ID)","Yes (high consequence infectious diseases (HCIDs))","Zoonotic influenza viruses are those that originate in animals that can cause infections in humans. These viruses are distinct from human influenza viruses and are not easily transmitted between humans. Individuals can be infected with influenza viruses that are circulating in animals, such as avian influenza virus subtypes A(H5N1) and A(H9N2) and swine influenza virus subtypes A(H1N1) and (H3N2). Other species including horses and dogs also have their own varieties of influenza viruses.\n\nAvian influenza is an infectious disease of birds caused by the influenza A virus. Birds are the hosts for most avian influenza viruses and a variety of influenza subtypes can be found in birds, particularly in waterfowl and shore birds. Domestic poultry are especially vulnerable, and the virus can rapidly cause epidemics in flocks.\n\nSwine flu (H1N1) originated in pigs but can be transmitted from person to person. The virus caused a pandemic in 2009 when it infected millions worldwide. \n\nHuman infections with zoonotic influenza are rare. However, some viruses, such as H1N1, H5N1 or H7N9, have been associated with human disease. These viruses have the potential to cause global outbreaks if they acquire the ability to be transmitted from person to person due to a lack of immunity in the human population.   ","The symptoms of avian influenza and swine flu in humans vary considerably depending on the strain or subtype of the virus involved. Most infections take the form of a flu-like illness (fever, cough, sore throat, rhinitis, headache, myalgia and conjunctivitis).","•\tIndividuals who are immunocompromised or immunosuppressed\n•\tIndividuals who work with or are in close contact with animals or contaminated animal products. ","Contact /Droplet /Airborne","Ranging between 2 and 10 days but can be longer depending on the strain of virus.","Ranging between 2 and 13 days but can be longer depending on the strain of virus.","Case by case basis","Refer to occupational health and local policy for further guidance","Avian influenza: guidance, data and analysis - GOV.UK","Avian influenza",null,"Back "]
[null,"Swine flu",null,"Yes",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Bird flu - NHS"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"High consequence infectious diseases (HCID) - GOV.UK","Avian and other zoonotic influenza"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"NHS England » Addendum on high consequence infectious disease (HCID) personal protective equipment (PPE)"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Swine influenza: how to spot the disease - GOV.UK"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Guidance for the management of people exposed to birds or other animals infected with influenza A(H5) - GOV.UK"]
[]
["Klebsiella","Klebsiella Pneumoniae","No","Yes","Klebsiella species are gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria belonging to the Enterobacterales family commonly found in in the environment. In humans, these bacteria are part of the normal gastrointestinal flora.  \nKlebsiella spp. infection can be acquired endogenously (from the individuals own gut flora) or exogenously (from the healthcare environment). \nExtensive use of antibiotics has resulted in the development of antibiotic-resistant strains of Klebsiella, for example extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) or carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE) producing strains.","Klebsiella species can cause a range of infections, including urinary tract infections, pneumonia, bacteraemia and surgical site infections. ","•\tIndividuals with indwelling devices. \n•\tIndividuals who consume alcohol to excess.\n•\tIndividuals with underlying health conditions: individuals with diabetes, chronic kidney disease or those undergoing surgery of the digestive and urinary tract, those who are immunocompromised or immunosuppressed.","Contact /Droplet /Airborne","Ranging between 7 and 21 days"," Unknown","No exclusion from work, school or childcare settings","Refer to occupational health and local policy for further guidance.","UKHSA-Klebsiella species: guidance, data and analysis","ECDC-Risk Assessment: Emergence of hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae ST23 carrying carbapenemase genes in EU/EEA countries",null,"Back "]
[null,"Klebsiella Oxytoca"]
["Legionella spp","Legionnaires’ disease","Yes (Notifiable ID), Yes (Causative Agent)","Yes","Legionellosis is a collective term for diseases caused by Legionella bacteria, including the most serious Legionnaires’ disease, as well as the similar but less serious condition of Pontiac fever. Legionnaires’ disease is the pneumonic form of the disease causing a potentially fatal form of pneumonia. Pontiac fever causes an acute, self-limiting influenza-like illness, but unlike Legionnaires’ disease, Pontiac fever does not cause pneumonia. Legionella bacteria are widely distributed in natural and artificial water supplies, and in soil. Exposure is airborne (either indoor or outdoor) usually through aerosolised water which is contaminated with Legionella. Hospital equipment implicated in outbreaks and identified as producing aerosols include showers, cooling towers, water-cooled air conditioning systems and humidifiers. For this reason, careful design and maintenance of these systems is required. A less common species found in European countries is L. Longbeachae which is predominately found in potting soil and compost.","Legionnaires disease is the pneumonic form of the disease causing a potentially fatal form of pneumonia.","•\tIndividuals with underlying health conditions: congenital heart disease, chronic heart and respiratory disease, endocrine disorders such as obesity and diabetes, those who are immunocompromised or immunosuppressed.\n•\tOlder adults aged ≥65 years. \n•\tIndividuals who smoke and drink heavily.  \n•\tMale sex.","Airborne (environmental)","Legionnaires Disease: Ranging between 2 and 10 days, typically 5 to 6 days. Pontiac Fever: Ranging between 0 and 3 days, typically 1 to 2 days."," No person-to-person transmission","No exclusion from work, school or childcare settings","Refer to occupational health and local policy for further guidance.","UKHSA (Public Health England) -Legionella: detection in healthcare premises - GOV.UK","CDC – Legionella (Legionnaires’ Disease and Pontiac Fever)",null,"Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"UKHSA (Public Health England)-Legionnaires’ disease: risks of pre-heated birthing pools - GOV.UK"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"UKHSA-Legionnaires' disease: guidance, data and analysis - GOV.UK","ECDC - Legionnaires’ disease"]
[null,"Pontiac fever",null,null,null,"Pontiac fever causes an acute, self-limiting influenza-like illness with symptoms that include fever, headaches and myalgia."]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"HSE – Legionnaire's disease - Resources"]
[]
["Measles virus (Rubeola)","Measles (Rubeola)","Yes (Notifiable ID), Yes (Causative agent)","No","Measles is a highly infectious acute viral disease resulting from infection with the measles virus. Vulnerable groups are more at risk of developing severe complications including pneumonia/ bronchitis, convulsions, diarrhoea, meningitis/encephalitis, immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) and late onset subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE). Measles is transmitted via respiratory droplets, or direct contact with nasal/throat secretions of infected individuals. In the UK, no confirmed deaths due to acute measles were recorded between 1992 and 2006. By 2014, interrupted endemic transmission of measles was observed in the UK however, in 2016 the WHO Regional Verification Committee (RVC) declared the UK had eliminated endemic measles. In 2018, the RVC declared that measles transmission was re-established in the UK.","Initial symptoms include fever, conjunctivitis, cough, rhinitis. Small grey/white spots, called Koplik’s spots, may appear on the mucous membranes of the mouth 1 to 2 days before rash onset. Measles rash appears red and blotchy, developing 2 to 4 days after the onset of fever, and spreading from the head to the body over the next 3 to 4 days. \nThe main complications of measles include otitis media, pneumonia/bronchitis, diarrhoea, and seizures. Rare and severe complications include encephalitis and late onset subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. These complications are more common in unvaccinated infants, pregnant women, immunocompromised patients and those who are poorly nourished or chronically ill.","•\tIndividuals who are unvaccinated.\n•\tIndividuals aged ≤ 5 years.\n•\tIndividuals with underlying health conditions: congenital heart disease, chronic heart and respiratory disease, those who are immunocompromised or immunosuppressed.","Droplet / Airborne","Ranging between 7 and 21 days (mean 10 to 12 days).","Individuals are typically infectious 4 days before and up to 4 days after rash onset.","Cases should be isolated for the infectious period, including 4 full days after onset of rash.","Staff may be excluded from 5 days after exposure to 21 days after exposure if they are susceptible to infection. \nRefer to occupational health and local policy for further guidance.","Measles: guidance, data and analysis - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)","Measles (europa.eu)",null,"Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Measles: the green book, chapter 21 - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Measles: public health response to cases who have travelled by air whilst infectious - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Measles | Health topics A to Z | CKS | NICE","Measles"]
[]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"National guidance for the management of children in hospital with viral respiratory tract infections (2023) | RCPCH"]
[]
["Meningitis (bacterial) See Neisseria meningitides",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back "]
["Meticillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) See Staphylococcus Aureus",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back "]
["Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) See coronavirus",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back "]
["Mpox virus (Clade I)","Mpox, Monkeypox","Yes (Notifiable ID), Yes (Causative agent)","Yes","Mpox (formally known as monkeypox) is a viral infection caused by the Mpox virus (MPXV). Two distinct clades have been identified: clade I, previously known as the Central African or Congo basin clade, and clade II, previously known as the West African clade. Clade II is further subdivided into clade IIa and IIb. \nSince May 2022, cases of mpox have been reported in multiple countries, including the UK, that were not previously known to have MPXV in animal or human populations. Clade IIb is the cause of this global outbreak. \nPreviously, all mpox infections were classified as High Consequence Infectious Diseases (HCIDs), however, in 2023, the Advisory Committee on Dangerous Pathogens (ACDP) recommended that all subclades of clade II MPXV should no longer be classified as a HCID. Cade I MPXV was reclassified in March 2025 and is no longer classified as a HCID. Mpox remains a serious infection for some individuals and remains a World Health Organization (WHO) public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC).","Early symptoms include fever, malaise, lymphadenopathy, and headache, although these do not always occur. Classical symptoms of Mpox begin 5 to 21 days after exposure, patients develop a rash, often beginning on the face or genital area, then spreading to other parts of the body. The rash changes and goes through distinct stages before finally forming a scab which later falls off. The illness is usually mild and most of those infected will recover within a few weeks without treatment. ","•\tNeonates \n•\tChildren\n•\tIndividuals with underlying health conditions: those who are immunocompromised or immunosuppressed may be at higher risk of more serious mpox disease and death.\n•\tIndividuals with a travel history to countries where Mpox is endemic.","Contact / Droplet","Up to 21 days, typically between 6 and 13 days.","From the onset of symptoms until lesions have healed, and scabs have fallen off. Note that the scabs are considered potentially infectious.","Case by case basis.\nUntil all lesions have healed, scabs have crusted over and fallen off.","Case by case basis. \nRefer to occupational health and local policy for further guidance.","Mpox (monkeypox): background information - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)","Joint ECDC-WHO Regional Office for Europe Mpox Surveillance Bulletin (europa.eu)",null,"Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Mpox (monkeypox): guidance - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Mpox (monkeypox): diagnostic testing - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Mpox: guidance on when to suspect a case of mpox - GOV.UK"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Mpox outbreak: epidemiological overview - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)"]
["Mpox virus (Clade II)",null,null,null,null,null,"•\tIndividuals who have been in contact with a known or suspected case of mpox\n•\tMen who have sex with men","Contact",null,null,null,"Refer to occupational health and local policy for further guidance.","Smallpox and mpox (monkeypox): the green book, chapter 29 - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)","Information For Healthcare Professionals | Mpox | Poxvirus | CDC"]
[]
[]
[]
["Mumps virus","Mumps (infectious parotitis)","Yes (Notifiable ID), Yes (Causative Agent)","No","Mumps is a viral disease caused by a paramyxovirus. Common complications may include swelling of the ovaries (oophoritis), swelling of the testes (orchitis), pancreatitis and viral meningitis. Rare complications include encephalitis and permanent hearing loss; Mumps is rarely fatal. Mumps is a vaccine preventable disease and is part of the normal childhood vaccination schedule.","The symptoms include swelling of the parotid glands (Parotitis) which may be painful, causing difficulty with swallowing. Parotitis may be preceded by several days of non-specific symptoms such as fever, headache, malaise, nausea, myalgia and anorexia; although asymptomatic mumps infection is common, particularly in children.","•\tIndividuals who are unvaccinated.\n•\tNon-immune pregnant women.","Droplet","Ranging between 14 and 25 days, typically 17 days.","One to two days before the parotid swelling starts until up to 9 days afterwards.","Exclude for five days after onset of symptoms. ","Exclude for five days after onset of symptoms.\nRefer to occupational health and local policy for further guidance","Mumps: risk in pregnancy, infection in healthcare settings and MMR vaccine","Mumps",null,"Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Mumps: epidemiology, surveillance and control"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Mumps: Clinical Knowledge Summary"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Mumps: the green book, chapter 23"]
["Mycobacterium chimaera See nontuberculosis mycobacteria",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back "]
["Mycobacterium tuberculosis","Pulmonary or laryngeal disease","Yes (Notifiable ID), Yes (Causative Agent)","Yes","Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused by one of the organisms in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC). The mycobacteria most commonly causing infections in humans are Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. bovis, and M. africanum. Tuberculosis commonly affects the lungs (pulmonary TB), TB causing infection elsewhere in the body, including the glands, bones and nervous system is known as extra pulmonary TB. The term miliary TB refers to disseminated disease.\n\nWorldwide, most individuals contract TB are infected during childhood. In the UK, the majority of active TB cases result from the re-activation of latent infection in individuals who were born in countries with a high prevalence of TB. A smaller proportion of cases arise from infections acquired in the UK. Not all infections progress to clinical disease. Individuals infected with TB but without signs or symptoms of active TB disease are considered to have latent TB. Individuals with latent TB are not infectious to others. Approximately 10% of individuals with latent TB may go on to develop active TB. This usually occurs within 2 years of exposure but in some cases, it can occur later in life.\n\nTuberculosis is treated with long courses of antibiotics. For susceptible organisms, a typical treatment course will include rifampicin, isoniazid, ethambutol and pyrazinamide. However, resistance to these antibiotics is an increasing problem. Isolated isoniazid resistance is the most common form of resistance. \nMuti-drug resistant TB (MDR-TB) is defined as resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains to at least isoniazid and rifampicin, the 2 most active TB drugs that are most commonly prescribed. Rifampicin-resistant disease on its own (RR-TB) requires similar clinical management as MDR-TB.\nExtensively drug resistant tuberculosis (XDR TB) is a rare type of MDR TB that is resistant to isoniazid and rifampin, plus any fluoroquinolone and at least one of three injectable second-line drugs (i.e., amikacin, kanamycin, or capreomycin). Because XDR TB is resistant to the most potent TB drugs, patients have fewer treatment options that are less effective. XDR TB is of particular concern for individuals with HIV infection or other conditions that can weaken the immune system.\n\nThe TB vaccine (BCG) is recommended for certain at risk groups. England remains a low TB incidence country below the WHO threshold of less than or equal to 10 per 100,000. However, recent data shows an increase in incidence across England.","Typical symptoms of TB include extreme fatigue, loss of appetite, weight loss, drenching night sweats and fever.\n Additional symptoms for pulmonary TB can include a persistent cough lasting more than 3 weeks, which may be productive or bloody. \nIn very advanced disease, breathlessness can occur. ","•\tIndividuals who are in close contact with individuals with active, untreated pulmonary TB\n•\tIndividuals who have immigrated from areas of the world with high rates of TB\n•\tChildren aged ≤5 years who have a positive TB screening test, such as an IGRA or a Mantoux test\n•\tIndividuals with underlying health conditions: those who are immunocompromised or immunosuppressed.\n•\tIndividuals experiencing homelessness. \n•\tIndividuals who inject drugs","Droplet / Airborne","Ranging between 14 and 70 days","While symptomatic and culture positive until appropriate antibiotic therapy commenced (pulmonary and laryngeal (fully sensitive) TB.\n\nCase-by-case basis (MDR and XDR TB)","Case by case basis.","Refer to occupational health and local policy for further guidance.","UKHSA - Tuberculosis (TB): diagnosis, screening, management and data","ECDC – Tuberculosis",null,"Back "]
[]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"UKHSA - Tuberculosis: the green book chapter 32"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"UKHSA – Immunisation of healthcare and laboratory staff: the green book, chapter 12"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"UKHSA and NHS England - Tuberculosis (TB): action plan for England","WHO - WHO guidelines on tuberculosis infection prevention and control"]
[null,"Extrapulmonary ",null,null,null,"Extrapulmonary TB often manifests through persistently swollen glands. Depending on the site of disease and the severity, abdominal pain, pain and loss of movement in an affected bone or joint, confusion, persistent headache and seizures can also occur. ",null,"Contact",null,null,"No exclusion from work, school or childcare settings.",null,"UKHSA (Public Health England) - TB information for prison staff"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"NICE - Tuberculosis: Quality Standard 41 [QS41]"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"NICE – Tuberculosis: Guideline 33 [NG33] ","WHO – Updated definitions of MDR and XDR TB"]
[]
["Mycoplasma pneumoniae","Pneumonia","No ","Yes (respiratory infection)","Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae) is a bacterium that causes both upper and lower respiratory tract infections, ranging in severity from mild illness to severe pneumonia. It can also cause a wide array of extrapulmonary disease without respiratory symptoms. The most common presentations include bronchitis, bronchiolitis, pharyngitis and pneumonia. Tracheobronchitis is the most common manifestation in children. \nM. pneumoniae infection can on rare occasion result in complications such as haemolytic anaemia, gastrointestinal disturbance, and erythema multiforme. Severe complications such as encephalitis can be fatal. \nM. pneumoniae infections may occur more often in early summer and early autumn\n\nHas been identified as a significant cause of community outbreaks, especially in environments such as schools, prisons and care homes.","The main symptoms of M. pneumoniae include fatigue, fever, headache and a slowly worsening cough that can last for weeks or months, although is usually mild and self-resolving.","•\tIndividuals aged between 5 and 20 years.\n•\tIndividuals who are immunocompromised or immunosuppressed.","Contact /Droplet /Airborne","Ranging between 7 and 28 days.","While symptomatic","No exclusion from work, school or childcare settings","Refer to occupational health and local policy for further guidance.","https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/mycoplasma-pneumoniae","Clinical Features of Mycoplasma pneumoniae Infection | M. pneumoniae | CDC",null,"Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"National guidance for the management of children in hospital with viral respiratory tract infections (2023) | RCPCH"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"UKHSA - Managing healthcare staff with symptoms of a respiratory infection or a positive COVID-19 test result"]
["Neisseria meningitidis","Meningococcal Disease","Yes (Notifiable ID), Yes (Causative agent)","No","Meningococcal disease occurs as a result of a systemic bacterial infection with Neisseria meningitidis. Meningococci are considered to colonise the nasopharynx of approximately 10-35% of individuals and colonisation does not lead to infection in the majority of cases. In rare instances it enters the bloodstream to cause invasive meningococcal disease, including meningitis or septicaemia.\nN. meningitidis infection can cause pneumonia, myocarditis, endocarditis, pericarditis, arthritis, conjunctivitis, urethritis, pharyngitis, and cervicitis. \nMeningococcal disease has a seasonal pattern with highest incidence occurring in the winter months. ","Early symptoms of meningococcal disease are non-specific and include malaise, fever, and vomiting. Clinical deterioration may be very rapid with poor peripheral perfusion, pallor, rapid breathing, rapid heart rate and the emergence of a meningococcal rash. In severe cases, individuals may present with hypotension or be unresponsive. \nThe rash in meningococcal disease may be non-specific early on and may not blanch, but as the disease progresses it may become petechial or purpuric. This may be associated with isolated limb and/or joint pain.\nMeningitis is characterised by fever, headache, neck stiffness, photophobia, drowsiness, or confusion. In young infants the onset may be insidious, and the signs may be non-specific without ‘classical’ features of meningitis.","•\tChildren aged ≤ 5 years.\n•\tIndividuals aged between 15 and 24 years.\n•\tOlder adults aged ≥65 years (especially those residing in care homes)\n•\tIndividuals with recent travel to sub–Saharan Africa.\n•\tImmunocompromised and immunosuppressed individuals","Droplet","Ranging between 2 and 10 days, typically between 3 and 4 days.","While symptomatic and until 24 hours after appropriate antibiotic therapy commenced. ","While symptomatic and until 24 hours after appropriate antibiotic therapy commenced (there is no reason to exclude siblings or other close contacts).","Refer to occupational health and local policy for further guidance.","Meningococcal: the green book, chapter 22","Meningococcal disease",null,"Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Meningitis - bacterial meningitis and meningococcal disease:: CKS"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Meningococcal disease: guidance, data and analysis","Meningococcal Disease CDC"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Meningococcal disease: guidance on public health management"]
["Nipah virus","Nipah virus","No","Yes (high consequence infectious diseases (HCIDs))","Nipah virus is a member of the Paramyxoviridae family (genus Henipavirus) and is classed as a high consequence infectious disease (HCID). It is a zoonotic virus and fruit bats of the Pteropodidae family are considered to be the natural reservoir.  Infections in humans were reported for the first time in 1998 in Nipah, Malaysia, following an outbreak originating from pig farms. The virus can be transmitted to humans from animals (particularly bats, pigs, horses), contaminated foods, and also directly from contact with infected humans.","Clinical illness typically consists of a sudden onset, flu-like or febrile illness, sore throat, dizziness and sometimes with gastrointestinal symptoms. Pneumonia and other severe respiratory symptoms can also occur. The most serious complication is encephalitis, which may progress to coma. The mortality rate is high at 40% to 75%. Long term neurological sequelae have been reported and a small number of people relapse or develop delayed onset encephalitis. There is currently no vaccine available and treatment is limited to supportive care.","•\tIndividuals with underlying health conditions: congenital heart disease, chronic heart and respiratory disease, endocrine disorders such as obesity and diabetes, those who are immunocompromised or immunosuppressed. \n•\tThose at risk in the UK of contracting Nipah virus include travellers to Asia, who have been in contact with infected animals (pigs and bats) or have consumed infected raw date palm sap or infected meat.","Contact / Airborne","Up to 45 days, typically between 4 and 14 days.","The exact period is unknown, however, patients are likely to be infectious while symptomatic and during the incubation period.","Case by case basis","Case by case basis","Nipah virus: epidemiology, outbreaks and guidance","WHO guidance",null,"Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"High consequence infectious diseases (HCID)","About Nipah Virus | Nipah Virus | CDC"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"NHS England » Addendum on high consequence infectious disease (HCID) personal protective equipment (PPE)"]
["Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM)","Mycobacteriosis ","No ","No","Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are Mycobacteria other than those which cause tuberculosis. They are environmental organisms found in soil, dust and water, including natural and artificial water sources. Unlike M. tuberculosis, isolation of an NTM species from clinical specimens, such as sputum, does not equate to disease. It is important to distinguish transient or persistent colonisation from disease.\nNTM infections most frequently affect the lungs. They may also be found in skin and soft tissue infections, device associated infections, lymph nodes (most commonly in children), and blood or other usually sterile sites in the body.  \n\nNTMs are ubiquitous in nature and have been associated with outbreaks in care settings. There are many species, some of which are recognised as pathogenic to humans. NTM species can show high levels of antimicrobial resistance. \n\nNTMs can be divided into fast and slow growing species. Some of the fast-growing species that are recognised as human pathogens include M. abscessus, M. fortuitum, and M. cheloneae. These species usually grow between 7 and 10 days and are therefore identified earlier than slower growing species. Infection with NTMs is usually caused by injection of contaminated substances, contaminating wounds through exposure to environmental NTMs or through invasive medical procedures employing contaminated equipment or material. It can also occur after accidental injury where the wound is contaminated with soil. Like other NTMs, M. abscessus can cause serious lung infections in individuals with chronic lung diseases. M. abscessus is often particularly difficult to treat because of high levels of antimicrobial resistance. Healthcare-associated infections due M. abscessus are often skin and soft tissue infections. \n\nSlow growing species include M. chimaera, M. avium complex (including M. avium intracellulare), M. marinum, M.  kansasii and M. leprae. These slow growing NTMs are usually identified in the laboratory after more than 14 days. Infection with slow growing NTMs can occur in the same way as infection with rapid growing NTMs, however mycobacterial disease may take longer to develop. M. chimaera, which belongs to the M. avium complex, has been recognised as a rare cause of endocarditis, severe disseminated infection and chronic sternal wound infection in patients who have undergone cardiothoracic surgery since January 2013. The infection has been linked to the use of contaminated heater cooler units of cardiopulmonary bypass equipment. In these patients, M. chimaera infections may manifest many years after surgery. \n\nM. avium and M. fortuitum have been linked to hot tubs or spa baths, with NTM found in spa bath water and/or in the air of the homes of the people diagnosed with NTM infection.","NTM cause pulmonary diseases that resemble tuberculosis. Symptoms of NTM disease are often non-specific and similar to other infections; they can include, fever, weight loss, nausea/vomiting, night sweats, cough and fatigue. \n\nSymptoms of soft tissue and skin infection include the infected area being red, warm, tender to touch, swollen, and/or painful. Infected areas can also develop boils or pus-filled vesicles. M. abscessus is also a cause of serious lung infections in individuals with chronic lung diseases, such as cystic fibrosis.","•\tIndividuals with underlying health conditions: respiratory disease, especially those with cystic fibrosis, and individuals who are immunocompromised or immunosuppressed.\n•\tIndividuals who have had open heart surgery since January 2013.","Contact / Droplet","Varies widely from days to years.","The exact period is unknown.\n\nM. abscessus is typically not transmitted from person to person. However, in cystic fibrosis patients person-to-person transmission has been reported but duration of infectiousness is unclear.","No exclusion from work, school or childcare settings","Refer to occupational health and local policy for further guidance.","Mycobacterium chimaera infections: guidance for secondary care","About Nontuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) Infections | NTM | CDC",null,"Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Slow growing mycobacteria: procedure for testing heater cooler units"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of non-tuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease"]
[null,"Mycobacterium abscessus infection",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Mycobacterium chimaera: infections linked to heater cooler units - GOV.UK"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"NHS England » NHS Estates Technical Bulletin (NETB) No.2024/3"]
["Norovirus","Norovirus gastroenteritis, winter vomiting disease, Norwalk-like viruses","No","Yes (diarrhoea and/or vomiting)","Norovirus, also known as ‘winter vomiting disease’, belongs to the Caliciviridae family of viruses and is a common gastrointestinal infection. Noroviruses are highly infectious and transmitted easily from patient to patient, contaminated food or water or by contact with contaminated surfaces or objects. Outbreaks are common in semi-enclosed areas such as hospitals, care homes, educational establishments and prisons due to population proximity. ","Symptoms include acute onset of non-bloody watery diarrhoea and/or vomiting, often accompanied with abdominal pain, myalgia, headache, malaise and low grade fever. Although norovirus gastroenteritis is generally mild and of short duration, the illness can be severe among vulnerable population groups such as young children and the elderly.","•\tOlder adults aged ≥65 years (especially those residing in care homes).\n•\tChildren aged ≤ 5 years.","Contact","Ranging between 12 and 62 hours.","While individuals are symptomatic and for a further 48 hours after the cessation of symptoms. Prolonged shedding of the virus can occur in individuals who are immunocompromised and young children.","While symptomatic and 48 hours after cessation of symptoms","Whilst symptomatic and 48 hours after cessation of symptoms. Refer to occupational health and local policy for further guidance.","Norovirus: guidance, data and analysis","Norovirus infection",null,"Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Norovirus: managing outbreaks in acute and community health and social care settings"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Gastrointestinal infections: recommendations for public health management"]
["Panton Valentine Leukocidin (PVL) -positive Staphylococcus aureus See Staphylococcus aureus",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back "]
["Parainfluenza","Parainfluenza","No","Yes (respiratory infection)","Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIV) are members of the genus Paramyxovirus and belong to the Paramyxoviridae family, which also includes mumps, measles and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). There are four main types, subgroup 1 (HPIV-1 to 4) and subtype 2 (HPIV-4a and HPIV-4b). \n\nParainfluenza viruses cause upper and lower respiratory disease. HPIV-1 to 4 can cause repeated infections throughout life. HPIV-1 and HPIV-2 both cause croup, with HPIV-1 most often identified as the cause in children. HPIV-3 is more often associated with bronchiolitis, bronchitis, and pneumonia. HPIV-4 is less commonly recognised but may cause mild to severe respiratory illnesses. Parainfluenza viruses are responsible for around 15% of childhood colds, croup, bronchitis and pneumonia. ","HPIV-1 and HPIV-2 can cause upper and lower respiratory illness, and cold-like symptoms. The average duration of illness is 7 to 10 days.","•\tIndividuals with underlying health conditions: those who are immunocompromised or immunosuppressed\n•\tChildren aged ≤ 5 years\n•\tOlder adults aged ≥65 years","Contact / Droplet","Ranging between 2 and 6 days.","24 hours before symptom onset to 5 days after symptom onset.","Whilst symptomatic.","Refer to occupational health and local policy for further guidance.","Human parainfluenza viruses: clinical and public health management","About Human Parainfluenza Viruses (HPIVs) | HPIVs | CDC",null,"Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"National guidance for the management of children in hospital with viral respiratory tract infections (2023) | RCPCH"]
["Parvovirus B19 - (Erythema infectiosum - Erythrovirus B19)","Slapped cheek syndrome/erythema infectiosum/fifth disease","No ","No","Parvovirus B19 (also known as erythrovirus B19) belongs to the Parvoviridae family of viruses. It causes a common childhood illness called erythema infectiosum or fifth disease. \nParvovirus B19 infection generally results in a mild febrile illness but can have more severe manifestations in vulnerable groups.\n\nInfection in the UK is seasonal, peaking in spring and early summer with 3 to 4 year cycles of increased incidence being noted.","Symptoms include fever, rhinitis, headache and a rash with erythematous cheeks, giving rise to its common name ‘slapped cheek' disease.","•\tIndividuals with underlying health conditions: those who have haematological disorders and those who are immunocompromised or immunosuppressed.","Contact / Droplet","Ranging between 4 and 14 days but can be up to 21 days.","7 to 10 days before onset of rash (if any) develops until 1 day after rash appears, maybe longer in immunocompromised patients.","While symptomatic until one day after rash develops","Refer to occupational health and local policy for further guidance.","Parvovirus B19: guidance, data and analysis - GOV.UK","American Academy of Pediatrics – The Red Book 2021-2024 Report on the committee on Infectious Diseases",null,"Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Viral rash in pregnancy - GOV.UK"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Parvovirus B19 infection | Health topics A to Z | CKS | NICE"]
["Pneumocystis jirovecii","Pneumocystis Pneumonia","No ","No","Pneumocystis jirovecii (formerly known as P. carinii) is a yeast-like fungus of the genus Pneumocystis that causes Pneumocystis pneumonia (PcP). DNA from this organism is commonly found in the environment although it is very hard to isolate in culture. PcP is an opportunistic infection that affects the respiratory system. Pneumocystis often colonises healthy individuals but only causes disease in those with weakened immune systems.","PcP infections affect the respiratory system and symptoms include fever, cough, shortness of breath and weight loss.","•\tIndividuals with underlying health conditions: those who are immunocompromised or immunosuppressed.","Droplet / Airborne","Ranging between 21  and 84 days.","During the incubation and symptomatic period.","No exclusion from work, school or childcare settings","Refer to occupational health and local policy for further guidance.","NHS Scotland – National Infection Prevention and Control Manual: Information Leaflets – Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) ","Pneumocystis Pneumonia Basics | Pneumocystis Pneumonia | CDC",null,"Back "]
["Pontiac fever See Legionella spp.",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back "]
["Pseudomonas aeruginosa","Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection or colonisation","No ","Yes","Pseudomonas is a genus of gram-negative, aerobic bacteria which contains almost 200 known species. Pseudomonas species are found widely in the environment, and some are part of the normal gut flora. \nPseudomonas aeruginosa is the species that most commonly causes infections in humans. P. aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen and colonises skin and soft tissue, especially where there is a moist environment. This colonisation may then lead to infection.\nP. aeruginosa can cause minor infections such as folliculitis in healthy individuals. Colonisation usually precedes infection. P. aeruginosa is intrinsically resistant to many commonly used antibiotics, and can acquire antimicrobial resistance, making infections difficult to treat. Extensive use of antibiotics has resulted in the development of antibiotic-resistant strains of P. aeruginosa, for example extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) or carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE) producing strains.\nP. aeruginosa is commonly found in wet or moist environments and can thrive in water systems. There have been serious P. aeruginosa outbreaks in adult and neonatal intensive care units, where the cause was thought to have been contamination of the water system.","P. aeruginosa infections can include bacteraemia, pneumonia (including ventilator-associated pneumonia), wound infections, intra-abdominal (including post-surgical) and urinary tract infections and conjuncivitis in neonates.","•\tIndividuals with underlying health conditions: especially those with cystic fibrosis, severe burns or those who are immunocompromised or immunosuppressed.\n•\tNeonates.","Contact / Droplet","Not defined","While colonised or infected","No exclusion from work, school or childcare settings","Refer to occupational health and local policy for further guidance.","Pseudomonas aeruginosa: guidance, data and analysis","pseudomonas-aeruginosa/CDC",null,"Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null," Guidelines for the prevention and control of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in health care facilities (who.int)"]
["Rabies virus","Rabies","Yes (Notifiable ID), Yes (Causative Agent)","No","The rabies virus is a member of the lyssavirus genus, which also includes rabies-related viruses such as European bat lyssaviruses (EBLVs). It is usually transmitted through infected saliva via bites or scratches from a rabid animal. Worldwide, most infections are caused by bites from dogs, but other terrestrial animals and bats can also carry the virus. In the UK the rabies virus is not present in terrestrial animals, however EBLV1 and EBLV2 have been found in bats.\n\nRabies and EBLV infections both cause an acute viral encephalomyelitis which are clinically indistinguishable and early symptoms are nonspecific. \n\nDuring the later stages of infection, the disease is almost always fatal within 10 days through respiratory paralysis. Post-exposure treatment, including vaccination, is essential to prevent progression to later stages of infection. The responsibility for advice on the requirement for post-exposure treatment lies only with the UKHSA Rabies and Immunoglobulin service in collaboration with the local health protection team. ","Initial symptoms can include fever, headache, malaise and a paraesthesia around the site of the wound.\n\nDisease progression can lead to hydrophobia, hallucinations, abnormal behaviour and an ascending flaccid paralysis. ","•\tIndividuals who work with or are in close contact with animals.","Contact (blood and / or body fluids)","Highly variable, ranging between a few days to a few years","Person to person transmission is uncommon.","Case by case basis ","Refer to occupational health and local policy for further guidance.","Rabies pre-exposure prophylaxis: guidelines (PRET)","ECDC Rabies",null,"Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Rabies post-exposure treatment: management (PET)"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Rabies vaccination: the green book, chapter 27"]
["Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)","RSV Infection ","No ","Yes (respiratory infection)","Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a single stranded RNA paramyxovirus which belongs to the same family as the human parainfluenza viruses, mumps virus, measles virus and the Pneumovirus genus. \n\nIn the UK, RSV infection occurs regularly each year during the winter months Epidemics typically start in October and last 4 to 5 months, peaking in December. \nThere is no treatment available however, antivirals may be used for supportive care. Vaccination is available for high-risk infants, pregnant individuals and adults aged 75 to 79.","RSV causes upper and lower respiratory tract infections with cold-like symptoms but can cause severe breathing problems and bronchiolitis or pneumonia.","•\tIndividuals with underlying health conditions: congenital heart disease, chronic heart and respiratory disease, those who are immunocompromised or immunosuppressed.\n•\tPremature neonates.\n•\tChildren aged ≤ 5 years.\n•\tOlder adults aged ≥65 years.","Contact / Droplet","Ranging between 2 and 8 days.","Typically, 3 to 8 days. However, infants and individuals with weakened immune systems can continue to spread the virus for up to 4 weeks after cessation of symptoms.","Whilst symptomatic.","Refer to occupational health and local policy for further guidance.","Respiratory syncytial virus: the green book, chapter 27a - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)","Considerations for infection prevention and control practices in relation to respiratory viral infections in healthcare settings (europa.eu)",null,"Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV): guidance, data and analysis - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV): symptoms, transmission, prevention, treatment - GOV.UK"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"RSV immunisation programme: JCVI advice, 7 June 2023 (updated 11 September 2023) - GOV.UK","RSV (Respiratory Syncytial Virus) | CDC"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"National guidance for the management of children in hospital with viral respiratory tract infections (2023) | RCPCH"]
["Rhinovirus ","Upper respiratory tract infection","No","Yes (respiratory infection)","Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are characterised into three genetically distinct HRV groups, designated as A, B, and C, within the genus Enterovirus and the family Picornaviridae. HRVs are primarily associated with upper respiratory tract infection, otitis media, and sinusitis. It is the most common cause of the common cold globally. \n\nIllness generally lasts from 5 to 7 days in adults, but it can persist for longer (10 to 14) days in children. HRVs are the most common cause of respiratory viral illness during the spring, summer, and autumn months. HRV is a common precipitating agent of asthma exacerbations, including “back-to-school” asthma in the autumn. HRVs are transmitted from individual to individual via contact (either directly or through fomites) or aerosol (small or large particles).","The symptoms of a rhinovirus cold are subject to individual variation and may include rhinitis, sore or scratchy throat, and cough. In addition, children can also have fever during the first 2 to 3 days and moderate enlargement of the anterior cervical nodes.","•\tIndividuals with underlying health conditions: chronic pulmonary disease, those who are immunocompromised or immunosuppressed.\n•\tChildren aged ≤ 5 years.","Contact / Droplet","Average incubation period of 2 days.","While symptomatic","No exclusion from work, school or childcare settings","Refer to occupational health and local policy for further guidance.","Common cold (NICE, 2022)","About Rhinoviruses | Rhinoviruses | CDC",null,"Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"National guidance for the management of children in hospital with viral respiratory tract infections (2023) | RCPCH"]
["Rotavirus","Rotavirus gastroenteritis","No ","Yes (diarrhoea and/or vomiting)","Rotavirus belongs to the Reoviridae family of viruses and is the primary cause of infectious gastroenteritis. Prior to the introduction of routine childhood rotavirus vaccination in 2013, it was the most common cause of gastroenteritis in infants and young children. \n\nRotavirus is transmitted from individual to individual or through contact with contaminated food, water, surfaces or fomites.","Symptoms last 3 to 8 days and include severe vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain and fever. Infants and young children can become severely dehydrated requiring hospitalisation. Repeat infections can occur but become progressively less severe. Infections in adults are generally less severe than in childhood. ","•\tChildren aged ≤ 5 years.","Contact / Droplet","Ranging between 24 and 72 hours.","2 days before symptom onset up to 10 days after symptoms cessation. Prolonged shedding of the virus can occur in individuals who are immunocompromised.","While symptomatic and 48 hours after cessation of symptoms","Whilst symptomatic and 48 hours after cessation of symptoms. Refer to occupational health and local policy for further guidance.","Rotavirus: the green book, chapter 27b","Rotavirus infection",null,"Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Rotavirus: guidance, data and analysis","Rotavirus"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Gastrointestinal infections: guidance for public health management"]
["Rubella","Congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) ","Yes (Notifiable ID), Yes (Causative Agent)","No","Rubella virus is a type of togavirus and causes rubella infection, also known as German measles and 3-day measles. Infections in otherwise healthy individuals are usually mild and self-limiting. Clinically, rubella is indistinguishable from other febrile rash illnesses.\nRubella infection in pregnancy is a major concern as it can cause miscarriage or congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). CRS can cause severe birth defects if rubella is contracted before 20 weeks gestation. The earlier in the pregnancy rubella is contracted, the greater the risk of complications. CRS can cause cardiac, cerebral, ophthalmic and auditory defects, as well as prematurity, neonatal thrombocytopenia, anaemia and hepatitis. \nThe most effective strategy for preventing rubella transmission has been the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccination programme.","Symptoms include rash (which typically lasts 3 days and starts on the face then progresses to trunk and limbs), sore throat, fever, conjunctivitis, lymphadenopathy (which may last for several weeks) and arthralgia. Complications are rare, but include testicular swelling, thrombocytopenia, arthritis and in severe cases, post-infectious encephalitis, which can be fatal.","•\tIndividuals who are unvaccinated including incomplete / unclear vaccination history.\n•\tPregnant women and infants too young to be vaccinated.","Vertical","Ranging between 14 and 21 days","Between 1 week before symptoms appear and up to 5 days after appearance of the rash. Rarely, CRS affected infants can be infectious up to 1 year after birth.","Individuals infected with rubella should stay off school or work and avoid contact with pregnant women where possible for 6 days after onset of rash.","Refer to occupational health and local policy for further guidance.","Viral rash in pregnancy - GOV.UK","Nil",null,"Back "]
[null,"Rubella infection/German measles/3-day measles",null,null,null,null,null,"Droplet",null,null,null,null,"Rubella Summary","Rubella (German measles)"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Rubella (German measles): guidance, data and analysis"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Rubella: the green book, chapter 28"]
["Salmonella (non-typhoidal)","Salmonella gastroenteritis","Yes (Causative Agent), Yes (Notifiable ID) (if related to food poisoning)","No","Salmonella spp. are a diverse group of gram-negative bacterium that are widely distributed in nature, including the gastrointestinal tracts of domesticated and wild mammals, reptiles, amphibians, birds (especially poultry), and insects.\n\nThere are more than 2,500 serotypes of Salmonella with most disease caused by two serotypes, S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium. Transmission occurs by the ingestion of contaminated food (most commonly poultry, red meat, raw eggs and dairy products and salad products) or via faecal contamination from an infected individual or animal. Cases can be sporadic, but outbreaks may occur in the general population and institutions, often following contamination of food products.","Symptoms include diarrhoea, abdominal pain and sometimes vomiting and fever. Symptoms can last between 4 and 7 days and the disease is usually self-limiting. ","•\tImmunocompromised and immunosuppressed individuals. \n•\tChildren aged ≤ 5 years\n•\tOlder adults aged ≥65 years","Contact / Foodborne","Ranging between 12 and 72 hours.","While symptomatic usually between 4 and 7 days, however asymptomatic /chronic carriers and children may shed bacteria for much longer.","While symptomatic and 48 hours after cessation of symptoms","Refer to occupational health and local policy for further guidance.","Salmonella: guidance, data and analysis","Salmonella",null,"Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Gastrointestinal infections: guidance for public health management"]
["Salmonella (Typhoidal)","Typhoid Fever","Yes (Notifiable ID), Yes (Causative agent)","Yes (diarrhoea and/or vomiting)","Salmonella spp. are a diverse group of gram-negative bacteria with 2 species: Salmonella enterica and Salmonella bongori. Salmonella enterica is further classified into 6 subspecies and the subspecies Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica consists of more than 1,400 serotypes. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) and Salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi A, B, or C can cause a bacteraemic illness known as typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever, respectively, which together is referred to as enteric fever. Humans are the only reservoir for S. Typhi, whereas with S. Paratyphi there are also animal reservoirs.\n\nTyphoid and paratyphoid fever are very rare in the UK and most cases (95%) are imported due to foreign travel to countries where typhoid or paratyphoid fever is endemic or contact with someone who has travelled. In the UK, approximately 55% of enteric fever cases are due to S. Typhi and 45% to S. Paratyphi (majority Paratyphoid A). \n\nThe fatality rate is less than 1% with appropriate treatment but may be as high as 20% if left untreated.  In the UK, faecal carriage and relapse rates are estimated to be less than 3%. Paratyphoid fever is clinically similar but less severe than typhoid. Complications are less common, and relapses may occur in up to 9% of cases.","Symptoms can range from mild fever, malaise, marked headache, myalgia, abdominal pain, and diarrhoea, to severe disseminated disease with multi-organ involvement in 10 to 15% of cases. Complications may include intestinal haemorrhage or perforation (1 to 4% of cases), renal failure or osteomyelitis. Other rare complications include cholecystitis, meningitis, and pneumonia.","•\tIndividuals who have travelled to countries where typhoid or paratyphoid is endemic.\n•\tIndividuals in contact with someone who has travelled to countries where typhoid or paratyphoid is endemic.","Contact (faecal / oral)","Ranging between 3 and 60 days, typically between 8 and 14 days.","Cases are not considered infectious prior to onset of symptoms.                                                                  Individuals remain infectious for as long as they continue to shed bacteria.","A minimum of 48 hours after symptoms cessation","Whilst symptomatic and 48 hours after cessation of symptoms. Refer to occupational health and local policy for further guidance.","UKHSA (Public Health England) - Salmonella Typhi resistant to third-generation cephalosporins","CDC - Typhoid Fever and Paratyphoid Fever",null,"Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"UKHSA - Gastrointestinal infections: guidance for public health management"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"UKHSA - Typhoid and paratyphoid: public health operational guidelines"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"UKHSA - Typhoid: the green book, chapter 33"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"UKHSA - Immunisation of healthcare and laboratory staff: the green book, chapter 12"]
["Scarlet Fever See Group A Streptococcus",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back "]
["Serratia marcescens","Serratia marcescens infection","No ","No","Serratia marcescens is a gram-negative bacterium and a member of the Enterobacterales family. It can survive in the environment which can cause challenging and persistent environmental driven outbreaks. Outbreaks of S. marcescens infections in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) have been widely documented, with significant associated morbidity and mortality. These have been attributed to point-sources such as contaminated fluids including medicines and unmedicated soap, and cross-contamination on the hands of healthcare workers. Extensive use of antibiotics has resulted in the development of antibiotic-resistant strains of S. marcescens, for example extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) or carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE) producing strains.","S. marcescens causes infections such as wound infections, bacteraemia, urinary tract infections and hospital-acquired/ventilator-associated pneumonia. Symptoms of S. marcescens infections depend on the part of the body that is infected. Common symptoms include fever, respiratory symptoms such as cough, shortness of breath and difficulty breathing, or urinary tract symptoms such as frequent urination, cloudy or bloody urine and lower abdominal pain. ","•\tImmunocompromised and immunosuppressed individuals. \n•\tNeonates including premature and low birth weight (<1500g) \n•\tIndividuals with indwelling devices. \n•\tIndividuals in intensive care settings.\n•\tIndividuals with a history of antibiotic use.\n•\tIndividuals with prolonged hospitalisation.","Contact","Not defined ","While colonised or infected","No exclusion from work, school or childcare settings","Refer to occupational health and local policy for further guidance.","Nil","Nil",null,"Back "]
["Shigella","Bacillary dysentery (Shigellosis)","Yes (Notifiable ID), Yes (Causative agent)","Yes (diarrhoea and/or vomiting)","Shigella also known as bacillary dysentery (Shigellosis) is caused by four species of bacteria: Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella flexneri, Shigella boydii, Shigella and Shigella sonnei. Shigella is highly infectious and is transmitted easily through direct person-to-person contact or through contaminated food or water or by contact with contaminated surfaces or fomites.","Symptoms may include diarrhoea, often containing blood and mucus (dysentery), nausea, vomiting and fever. S. sonnei causes mild illness in most cases, while S. dysenteriae tends to cause more severe disease with paediatric febrile convulsions and significant prostration, along with complications like haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS), thrombotic thrombocytopaenia purpura (TTP) and toxic megacolon.","•\tChildren aged ≤ 14 years.","Contact / Foodborne","Range between 12 and 96 hours, typically between 1 to 3 days, (but can and up to 1 week for S. dysenteriae).","Whilst symptomatic and up to 4 weeks after cessation of symptoms.","Whilst symptomatic and 48 hours after cessation of symptoms. In some instances, such as catering and food preparation, clearance screening may be required before returning to work.","Refer to occupational health and local policy for further guidance.","Shigella: guidance, data and analysis","Nil",null,"Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"UKHSA - Gastrointestinal infections: guidance for public health management"]
["Shingles See varicella zooster virus",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back "]
["Slapped cheek syndrome (Fifth disease) See Parvovirus B19",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back "]
["Staphylococcus aureus","PVL-S.aureus infection","No","Yes","Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterium that commonly colonises human skin and mucosa. Normally, individuals colonised with S. aureus remain asymptomatic. S. aureus can however be a cause of infections, particularly when bacteria spread to the bloodstream. This may occur when then skin is broken, for example through a wound or following a medical procedure such as surgery.\n\nStrains that are resistant to common first line antibiotics such as flucloxacillin are called meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Skin carriage of MRSA is typically screened for on hospital admission.\n\nPanton-Valentine Leukocidin (PVL) positive Staphylococcus aureus produces a toxin that causes leukocyte destruction and tissue necrosis. PVL S. aureus is associated with skin infections that can range from mild to severe. Rarely it causes serious necrotising/haemorrhagic pneumonias, necrotising fasciitis and other invasive infections.  PVL S. aureus is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, although fatalities remain rare.","S. aureus may cause a range of illness including skin and wound infections, infected eczema, abscesses, joint infections, endocarditis, pneumonia, osteomyelitis and bacteraemia.","•\tIndividuals with chronic skin conditions such as eczema or secondary to diabetes and vascular disease.\n•\tIndividuals with medical conditions that require vascular access such as renal and oncology disease. ","Contact","Ranging between 4 and 10 days","While colonised or infected","No exclusion from work, school or childcare settings","Refer to occupational health and local policy for further guidance.","Staphylococcus aureus: guidance, data and analysis","Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)",null,"Back "]
[null,"Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Guidelines for the control and prevention of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in healthcare facilities,"]
[null,"Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA)"]
["Stenotrophomonas maltophilia","Stenotrophomonas maltophilia infection or colonisation","No ","No","Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a gram-negative, aerobic bacterium that is most commonly found in plants, food, soil and aquatic environments. It is a low virulence organism which, in healthcare settings, may be found on environmental surfaces or indwelling devices, such as central lines and urinary catheters. Whilst it does not normally cause infections in healthy individuals, it has emerged as an important hospital acquired pathogen in vulnerable groups, It is resistant to many antibiotic classes resulting in limited treatment options.","S. maltophilia can cause symptoms such as fever, cough, shortness of breath and fatigue. In these at-risk groups, S. maltophilia can cause bacteraemia, respiratory infections, urinary infections and surgical site infections.","•\tIndividuals with underlying health conditions: Those with cystic fibrosis or those who are immunocompromised or immunosuppressed\n•\tIndividuals with indwelling devices. \n•\tIndividuals with a history of antibiotic use.\n•\tIndividuals with prolonged hospitalisation.","Contact","Not defined ","While colonised or infected","No exclusion from work, school or childcare settings","No exclusion from healthcare settings. \nRefer to occupational health and local policy for further guidance.","Stenotrophomonas maltophilia guidance","Nil",null,"Back "]
["Streptococcus pneumoniae","Invasive Pneumococcal Disease (IPD) (in blood, cerebrospinal fluid or other normally sterile site","Yes (Causative agent)","No","Streptococcus pneumoniae is a member of the Streptococcus family and is the bacterium responsible for causing pneumococcal infections. It is a normal part of the upper respiratory tract flora, however, there are more than 100 different pneumococcal types (serotypes) that can cause diseases in humans. \n\nPneumococcal meningitis is a type of IPD and one of the most frequently reported causes of meningitis. \nThere are two pneumococcal vaccines that can help to protect against pneumococcal disease; one is part of the routine childhood immunisation schedule, whilst the other is for those aged 65 and over or for those under 65 with certain underlying co-morbidities.","Invasive Pneumococcal Diseases (IPD) are pneumococcal infections of sterile sites, such as blood, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). \nPneumonia symptoms include chest pain, cough, fever and difficulty breathing. ","•\tNeonates\n•\tOlder adults aged ≥65 years\n•\tIndividuals with underlying health conditions: those who are immunocompromised or immunosuppressed","Contact","Up to 10 days, typically between 1 and 3 days. However, many individuals are colonised and do not develop an infection. ","While symptomatic and until 24 to 48 hours after appropriate antibiotic therapy commenced. ","Until 24 hours after appropriate antibiotic therapy commenced.","Refer to occupational health and local policy for further guidance.","Pneumococcal: the green book, chapter 25","Pneumococcal Disease Symptoms and Complications | Pneumococcal Disease | CDC",null,"Back "]
[]
[null,"Pneumococcal Meningitis","Yes (Notifiable ID)","No",null,"Symptoms of Meningitis include headache, fever, nausea and vomiting, neck stiffness and photophobia.",null,"Droplet"]
[]
[null,"Non-invasive Pneumococcal infection ","No","No",null,"Symptoms of non-invasive Pneumococcal infection include bronchitis, otitis media, acute sinusitis and conjunctivitis.",null,"Contact"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Pneumococcal disease: guidance, data and analysis"]
["Streptococcus pyogenes. See Group A Streptococcus",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back "]
["Tetanus. See Clostridium tetani",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back "]
["Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs)","TSEs, Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)","Yes (Notifiable ID)","Yes (transmissible spongiform encephalopathies)","Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), or prion diseases, are a group of rare and invariably fatal neurodegenerative disorders. TSEs that affect humans are classified into 3 types: \n\no\tidiopathic TSEs, for example sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) \no\tfamilial TSEs or inherited prion diseases \no\tacquired TSEs, for example iatrogenically acquired CJD. \n\nThese diseases cause damage to the brain through the build-up of an abnormal form of one of the body’s normal proteins, the prion protein.  \n\nAll forms of CJD are rare. Among them, sporadic CJD is the most commonly diagnosed with 130 to 140 diagnoses each year in the UK. It is most common in people over 50 and accounts for over 90% of CJD cases. Survival following a diagnosis of sporadic CJD is frequently only a few months.\n\nVariant CJD (vCJD) is an acquired form, mainly caused by consumption of food contaminated with the agent responsible for bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle. Before 2000 it was also very rarely transmitted by secondary human-to-human spread through blood transfusion. The vCJD epidemic associated with BSE may be over, the last case having died in 2016. However, the very long incubation periods observed for acquired CJD means that it is still possible, although increasingly unlikely, that further cases may be seen.  \n   \nThere are several historic instances of iatrogenic transmission of CJD in association with specific medical interventions, including receipt of contaminated hormones, a pooled product derived from human pituitary glands (including growth hormone and gonadotrophin), organ or tissue transplants, for example dura mater grafts and corneal transplantation. There are also a small number of documented circumstances where prions have, or are presumed to have, been transmitted during neurosurgical procedures using contaminated instruments, all of which occurred in the 1970s or earlier. With the exception of neurosurgical procedures and corneal transplants, these interventions are no longer performed in the UK but may still be performed in other countries. \n\nAbnormal prion proteins can remain infective on instruments after steam sterilisation and are highly resistant to both chemical disinfectants and radiation, Blood and body fluid samples from patients with, or at increased risk of, CJD should be treated as potentially infectious.\n\n","Ataxia, myoclonus, visual disturbances and movement disorders.","In the UK certain individuals have been notified that they are at increased risk of CJD or vCJD. These individuals require an Infection Prevention and Control risk assessment prior to undergoing neurosurgery. Following a risk assessment, they could require dedicated surgical and endoscopic equipment which can never be re-used on other individuals. ","Contact (blood and / or body fluids)","Highly variable, ranging between 1 and 2 years for transmission by contaminated neurosurgical instruments, to over 30 years for transmission via human-derived pituitary hormones.","Case by case basis","No exclusion from work, school or childcare settings","Refer to occupational health and local policy for further guidance.","CJD: Information leaflets for patients and healthcare professionals","Nil",null,"Back "]
[]
[]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD): guidance, data and analysis"]
[]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Public Health Action following a report of a new case of CJD or a person at increased risk of CJD"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Minimise transmission risk of CJD and vCJD in healthcare settings"]
["Tuberculosis (TB) See Mycobacterium tuberculosis",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back "]
["Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE)","Colonisation and infection","No ","No","Enterococci are a group of gram-positive bacteria that are naturally present in the human intestine. \nMost infections used to be due to E. faecalis, though cases of E. faecium are rising and reported infections are now almost equivalent.\nVancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE) are Enterococci that are resistant to the antibiotic vancomycin (a glycopeptide antibiotic), making them more difficult to treat. Vancomycin resistance occurs in approximately 1% of E. faecalis and 34% of E. faecium strains. They are sometimes referred to as Glycopeptide-resistant Enterococci (GRE). \nMost VRE infections are healthcare associated.\n\nColonisation occurring more frequently than infection.","VRE can cause bacteraemia, urinary tract infections and surgical site infections. ","•\tIndividuals with a history of antibiotic use (particularly vancomycin).\n•\tIndividuals with indwelling devices. \n•\tIndividuals who are immunocompromised or immunosuppressed.","Contact","Not defined","Not defined","No exclusion from work, school or childcare settings","Refer to occupational health and local policy for further guidance.","UKHSA-Enterococcus species and glycopeptide-resistant enterococci (GRE)","Nil",null,"Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Guidelines for the control of glycopeptide-resistant enterococci in hospitals"]
["Varicella zoster virus","Chickenpox ","Yes (Notifiable ID), Yes (Causative agent)","No","Chickenpox (varicella) is an acute, generalised viral disease resulting from primary infection with varicella-zoster virus (VZV). Chickenpox is not generally a serious infection, but complications including encephalitis, pneumonia and secondary bacterial infection can occur in previously healthy individuals. Chickenpox can be severe in non-immune pregnant women, immunocompromised individuals and exposed neonates.  These groups are at risk of severe, disseminated disease and are therefore eligible for post-exposure prophylaxis. Vaccination is available to children and adults who are particularly vulnerable to chickenpox complications.","The typical symptoms are fever and malaise prior to the onset of the itchy vesicular rash. In children, the rash is often the first sign of disease. Successive crops of lesions can appear, drying to a granular scab five or six days after the rash begins.","•\tImmunocompromised and immunosuppressed individuals \n•\tNeonates ","Droplet / Airborne","Ranging between 7 and 21 days","Ranging between 1 and 2 days before the rash appears up until the vesicles become dry and crusted.","Until all vesicles have crusted over, usually around 5 to 6 days post rash onset. ","Refer to occupational health and local policy for further guidance.","Varicella: the green book, chapter 34","Nil",null,"Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Chickenpox and shingles: infection control in prisons and other places of detention - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Chickenpox: public health management and guidance - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Guidelines on post exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for varicella or shingles (October 2024) - GOV.UK"]
[null,"Shingles ","Yes (Causative agent) ","No","Shingles, or herpes zoster, occurs following the reactivation of latent varicella-zoster virus. This usually happens in later life, or when the immune system is weakened. The virus can be spread through direct contact with fluid from the rash blisters caused by shingles. It is therefore possible for a non-immune individual to be infected with the varicella-zoster virus from an individual with shingles. This infection will lead to chickenpox in the person that becomes infected, rather than shingles. Later in life, they may suffer from shingles through re-activation, it is not possible to develop shingles from someone with chickenpox.","Symptoms are similar to the primary infection (chickenpox), the shingles rash typically presents as a unilateral vesicular rash in a dermatomal distribution.","•\tPrior infection with chicken pox and increasing age.\n•\tIndividuals with underlying health conditions: those who are immunocompromised or immunosuppressed.\n•\tFemale sex.","Contact / Droplet","Reactivation can occur many years after initial infection.","Infective while the rash oozes fluid.","Exclude until all vesicles have crusted over if rash cannot be covered and avoid contact with at risk populations.","Refer to occupational health and local policy for further guidance.","Shingles (Herpes zoster): the green book, chapter 28a","Nil"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Shingles vaccination: guidance for healthcare practitioners - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk)"]
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["Vero cytoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) See Escherichia coli",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back "]
["Viral Haemorrhagic Fever (VHF)","Viral Haemorrhagic Fever HCID ","Yes (Notifiable ID), Yes (Causative agent)","Yes (high consequence infectious diseases (HCIDs))","Viral haemorrhagic fevers (VHF) viruses is the collective name given to several different viruses which can cause severe fever illness in humans, sometimes associated with life-threatening haemorrhage (bleeding). VHF agents are found in areas of Africa, South America and Asia.\nSome VHF agents cause only mild disease, but others can be severe and life-threatening. HCID VHF agents, include Ebola virus, Marburg virus, Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus, Junín virus, Machupo virus, Lassa virus and Lujo virus disease. These viruses depend on their animal hosts for survival, they are therefore, usually restricted to the geographical area inhabited by these animals. While animals are the natural hosts, humans are at risk of acquiring infection if they live in endemic areas and have exposure to the animal reservoir or relevant insect vectors. Transmission of VHFs varies depending on virus type. The main routes of transmission are transmission via a vector such as ticks or mosquitos, close contact with infected animals and/or animal carcases, and direct contact with infected individuals, their body fluids and/or corpse. For those VHF agents that are transmitted via direct contact, many can continue to survive in body fluids outside of the infected host for several days. As such, transmission can occur when handling body fluids such as urine and blood, or contaminated devices from an infected individual or animal. Survivors of VHF have been found to carry the virus in their body fluids, for example urine, breast milk and semen, many months after resolution of symptoms. Some VHF viruses, such as Ebola, can remain viable for several days after death and careful handling and disposal of the deceased is vital to reduce transmission. ","VHF infections cause fever and bleeding disorders, with other symptoms including headache, muscle weakness and fatigue. Some patients suffer only mild disease, but other patients may develop severe, life-threatening disease. Severity of symptoms depends on the type of VHF virus. ","Those at risk in the UK of contracting VHF include travellers to Africa, South America and Asia, those who have been in contact with infected individuals or animals.","Contact","Ranging between 2 and 21 days depending on the pathogen.","Varies depending on causative agent. For example, Ebola virus may be found in body fluids for prolonged periods after symptom cessation.","Case by case basis","Case by case basis","Viral haemorrhagic fevers: epidemiology, characteristics, diagnosis and management","Nil",null,"Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Viral haemorrhagic fevers: origins, reservoirs, transmission and guidelines"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"PHE: High consequence infectious diseases (HCID)"]
[null,"Viral Haemorrhagic Fever NOID",null,"No","Viral haemorrhagic fevers (VHF) viruses is the collective name given to several different viruses which can cause severe fever illness in humans, sometimes associated with life-threatening haemorrhage (bleeding). VHF agents are found in areas of Africa, South America and Asia.\nSome VHF agents cause only mild disease, but others can be severe and life-threatening. NOID VHF agents, include Dengue virus, Guanarito virus, Kyasanur Forest disease virus, Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus, Rift Valley fever virus, Sabia virus and Yellow Fever virus. \nThese viruses depend on their animal hosts for survival, they are therefore, usually restricted to the geographical area inhabited by those animals. While animals are the natural hosts, humans are at risk of acquiring infection if they live in endemic areas and have exposure to the animal reservoir or relevant insect vectors. Transmission of VHFs varies depending on virus type. The main routes of transmission are transmission via a vector such as ticks or mosquitos, close contact with infected animals and/or animal carcases, and direct contact with infected individuals, their body fluids and/or corpse. For those VHF agents that are transmitted via direct contact, many can continue to survive in body fluids outside of the infected host for several days. As such, transmission can occur when handling body fluids such as urine and blood, or contaminated devices from an infected individual or animal. Survivors of VHF have been found to carry the virus in their body fluids, for example urine, breast milk and semen, many months after resolution of symptoms. Some VHF viruses can remain viable for several days after death and careful handling and disposal of the deceased is vital to reduce transmission. \nYellow fever is the only VHF with an established vaccine. ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Viral haemorrhagic fever: ACDP algorithm and guidance on management of patients"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Ebola contact tracing - GOV.UK"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"NHS England » Addendum on high consequence infectious disease (HCID) personal protective equipment (PPE)"]
["Whooping cough See Bortedella pertussis",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Back "]
["Yersinia enterocolitica","Yersiniosis","Yes (Causative agent), Yes (Nofiable ID) (if related to food poisoning)","No","Yersinia spp. are gram-negative bacteria that can cause Yersiniosis, a zoonotic infection. There are 18 species of Yersinia with Yersinia enterocolitis and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis commonly associated with foodborne, and less often waterborne, illness in humans. The main reservoir for Y. enterocolitica is pigs. For Y. pseudotuberculosis the main reservoir is wild animals such as birds, deer and rodents, and domestic or farmed animals. \nSeasonal variation is observed with Yersiniosis: Y. pseudotuberculosis infection is more common in winter, while Y. enterocolitica is seen frequently between the months of June to November. \n\nInvasive infection such as bacteremia rarely occur and mostly affect children younger than 1 year old and older children with predisposing conditions, such as excessive iron storage and immunosuppressive states\n\nY. pseudotuberculosis has a similar clinical presentation to Y. enterocolitica and can last between 1 and 37 days (average 18 days).","Symptoms typically manifests as fever, diarrhoea and abdominal pain in children younger than 5 years. Necrotising enterocolitis has occasionally been described in infants. The duration can vary from 2 days to 6 weeks with relapsing disease being reported. \n\nAdults and older children present with fever, leucocytosis, and a pseudo-appendicitis syndrome attributable to terminal enteritis and mesenteric lymphadenitis resulting in right lower abdominal pain. \nLess common symptoms can include: pharyngitis, meningitis, septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, pyomyositis, conjunctivitis, pneumonia, empyema, endocarditis, acute peritonitis, hepato-splenic abscesses, urinary tract infections, and primary cutaneous infection.","•\tChildren aged ≤ 5 years.\n•\tOlder children with excessive iron storage\n•\tOlder children who are immunocompromised or immunosuppressed","Contact (faecal / oral)","Ranging between 1 and 12 days, typically between 3 and 7 days.","Excretion of the organism in stool may persist for several months after infection. Infectivity decreases substantially after the first 4 days.","Whilst symptomatic and until at least 48 hours after cessation of symptoms","Whilst symptomatic and until at least 48 hours after cessation of symptoms. \nRefer to occupational health and local policy for further guidance.","UKHSA (Public Health England) - Gastrointestinal infections: guidance for public health management","CDC - Yersinia enterocolitica (Yersiniosis)",null,"Back "]
["Yersinia pestis (Pneumonic plague)","Yersinia pestis (Pneumonic plague)","Yes (Notifiable ID), Yes (Causative agent)","Yes (high consequence infectious diseases (HCIDs))","Plague is a rare disease caused by Yersinia pestis, a gram-negative bacterium that is primarily found in wild rodents and their fleas. \nThe disease occurs in three main forms: pneumonic, septicaemic, and bubonic. \n\nPlague is not found in the UK (Last outbreak in the UK was in 1918), but occurs in several countries in Africa, Asia, South America and the US.","Symptoms vary depending on the disease form, but most people initially experience fever, chills, headache, and weakness.\nBubonic plague affects the lymph nodes, which become inflamed and swollen (termed ‘buboes’). Septicaemic plague involves the bloodstream and can occur as a primary infection or due to progression of untreated bubonic plague. Pneumonic plague is the most severe form involving a rapidly developing pneumonia with shortness of breath, chest pain and cough. \n\nIf untreated, plague can be fatal.","•\tIndividuals exposed to rodents and fleas in endemic locations","Contact / Droplet","Ranging between 1 and 8 days","Until 48 hours after initiation of effective antibiotic therapy (for pneumonic plague)","Case by case basis","Case by case basis. \nRefer to occupational health and local policy for further guidance.","High consequence infectious diseases (HCID) - GOV.UK","About Plague | Plague | CDC",null,"Back "]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Addendum on high consequence infectious disease (HCID) personal protective equipment (PPE)","WHO – Plague"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Plague: epidemiology, outbreaks and guidance - GOV.UK"]