| Self-management needs and behaviours |
Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire |
- Focuses on people with diabetes
- 16 items focused on blood sugar management, dietary control, physical activity and healthcare use
- Available in multiple languages. Developed in Europe
- Can be used as an individual assessment tool or measure to track progress before and after an intervention
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| Long-Term Conditions Questionnaire (LTCQ) |
- Explores impact of long-term conditions on people’s lives and the individual support they want or need
- 20-item tool developed in the UK
- No cost
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| Physical Activity Scale |
- Various tools to measure whether people are taking part in self-management behaviours, such as eating healthily and being active
- Can be used to identify the support behaviours and needs of individuals or groups, or to assess change after interventions
- No cost
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| Self-Management Assessment Scale |
- Tool to help a person self-assess their self-management strengths, needs and possible barriers
- Focuses on knowledge, goals for the future, daily routines, emotional adjustment and social support
- Can be used in conversations with professionals
- Can be used to tailor support for individuals or to measure change after an intervention
- Tested in various parts of the world and with people with different conditions
- No cost
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| Health literacy[1] (ability to obtain, read, understand, and use healthcare information) |
Single Item Screener (SILS) |
- Single question that can be added to other questionnaires
- Asks how often a person needs someone’s help when they read health information. Usually used as a one-off assessment rather than a before and after measure
- Needs to be sensitively administered and may be most helpful when used in conjunction with techniques such as teach back
- No cost
- Many other longer health literacy tools are available
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| Newest Vital Sign (NVS) |
- People are given a food label and asked six questions
- Available in English and Spanish
- Short; takes 3 minutes. Designed for one-off use
- No cost
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| Enablement/activation |
Consumer Health Activation Index (CHAI) |
- Examines knowledge, self-efficacy, beliefs, activity and internal locus of control
- Can be used as an individual assessment tool to help tailor support, or as a measure of impact after an intervention
- No cost, but requires registration
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| Patient Activation Measure® (PAM®) |
- 10- or 13-item scale categorises people into four levels of activation or readiness to self-manage
- Case studies and summary of evidence are available here.
- Mainly used as an individual assessment tool. Can be used before and after interventions
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| Patient Enablement Instrument (PEI) |
- 6-item scale exploring whether enablement improves following a primary care visit
- Used at one point in time; people are asked to reflect on whether things are much better, better or the same, or not as good following a consultation
- 3 items from this are used in the General Practice Assessment Questionnaire, so it may be possible to draw on existing data at population level
- No cost
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| Self-efficacy (extent to which a person believes in their ability to self-manage) |
Chronic Disease Self-Efficacy |
- 6-item scale validated in many languages
- Developed in the US, so wording may need to be adapted for use in the UK
- No cost
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| Self-Management Screening Tool |
- 27 items about self-efficacy, whether people feel they control what happens to them, depression, anxiety, coping, social support, and burden of disease
- Developed in Europe
- Mainly used to tailor individual support but can be used as before and after measure
- No cost
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| Wellbeing / health status quality of life |
EQ-5D |
- Short tools to measure quality of life, including mobility, self-management, usual activities, pain and anxiety
- Available in over 200 languages and various formats
- Can be used as before and after measure
- Widely used so can compare with other initiatives
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| Personal Wellbeing (ONS4) |
- Used in the Office for National Statistics’ Measuring National Wellbeing (MNW) Programme
- Asks people to evaluate how satisfied they are with their life overall
- Used by some UK social prescribing link workers, both when they start working with people and later. Some other areas use Outcomes Star™, a set of visual tools including some for young people
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| PROMIS® |
- Many domains to choose from, including physical health, mental health and social health/isolation
- Includes scales for adults and for children
- Can be used as before and after measures
- Developed in the US
- No cost
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| Self-Rated Health Scale |
- Single-item validated tool used in US national surveys
- Asks people to rate their health out of 5
- Can be used as a before and after measure
- No cost
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| Short Warwick–Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale (WEMWBS) |
- Used for both populations and individual interventions
- Short. Validated in several languages
- Need to register to use, but no cost
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| Pain Visual Scale |
- Example of visual scale to help people assess pain
- Can be used to track change over time
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| Extent to which professionals or systems support self-management |
Practices in Self-Management Support |
- Developed in the UK to measure clinicians’ self-reported use of supported self-management practices in consultations
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| Clinician Support for Patient Activation Measure (CSPAM) |
- Explores professionals’ attitudes towards using the PAM tool
- Used in the UK and internationally
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| Assessment of Primary Care Resources and Supports for Chronic Disease Self-Management |
- Developed by a group focused on diabetes, but can be used more broadly in primary care
- Designed to track progress in organisations over time
- Developed outside the UK, so wording may need to be adapted
- Online version available
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| Patient Assessment of Care for Chronic Conditions (PACIC) |
- 20- and 26-item scales developed in the US
- Looks at a variety of elements of care. Supported self-management is one element
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